Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Urinary system function-

regulates blood volume and blood pressure

regulate salt ions and water

stablizes blood pH

prevents loss of valuable nutrients

Metabolism-

breakdown or building up molecules in your body

Erythropoietin-

red blood cell production

Urination other name

miturication

Mitcuiration-

empty bladder through urethra

Kidneys filter blood through-

urine

Ureters-

transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

Urinary bladder-

collects and stores urine

Urethra-

conveys urine from urinary bladder outside body

Kidneys functions are-

homeostasis as excertory organs

removal of metabolic waste

secrete hormones

Which kidney is higher?

left because the liver interferes with the right

What capsule protects the kidneys

Renal capsule

Renal cortex

outside of kidney

Renal medulla

inner region of kidneys where urine is made

Renal hillum

where structures enter and exit kidney

entrance to renal sinus

Major calyx

Minor calyx

Nephrons are-

the functional unit of the kidneys

Nephrons start the process of

forming urine

Renal artery-

branches off adominal aorta and enters the kidney through hillum

Afferent arterioles

enters this then to a different nephron

Nephron examples-

glomerulus, efferent arterioles, peritubular cappillaries

Glomerulus nephron-

filters blood in each nephron, slow nephron cluster

Efferent arterioles-

transports blood that was not filtered by the glomerulus

Peritubular cappillaries-

branches off efferent arterioles; surrounds renal tubules

Renal vein

allows blood to leave the kidney

feeds inferior to vena cavae

How many Nephron structures?

2

1. Renal corpuscle

2. Renal tubule

Renal corpuscle has 2 subparts that?

(part of nephron)

Glomerulus- capillary cluster, filters blood to begin urine formation

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule- surrounds the glomerulus, collecting plasma filtrate and sending it into the proximal tubule

Renal tubule

(part of nephron)

proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule

Cortical nephron

majority of nephrons in kidneys 85%

in renal cortex

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

minority of nephrons in kidneys 5-10%

Urine formation 3 main steps

1) Glomerular filtration- water and small molecules filtered

2) Tubular reabsorption- reclaim useful substances in the proximal tubules

3) Tubular secretion- adds waste products and excess substances forming urination

Filtrate is

the fluid before becoming urine

Glomerular filtration

water and small dissolved molecules and ions can be filtered

large molecules and large proteins remain in the blood

Hydrostatic pressure moves

liquids from place to place

no pressure =

no filtration

Peritubular capillaries is where

reabsorption occurs

70% of reabsorption

Flow of blood through kidneys

renal artery → afferent arterioles → glomerulus → efferent arterioles → pertibular capillaries → renal vein

Reabsorption in renal tubules (proximal tubules)

99% of water, 97-99% sodium, 100% amino acids (no proteins in urine), 100% glucose

Drugs can

not be secreted

Formation of urine

renal corpuscle (glomerulus, glomerular capsle)

renal tubule (proximal tubule, nephron loop descending, nephron loop ascending, distal tubule)

collecting duct

drainage system/ urine now (minor + major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter)

storage (urinary bladder)

elimination (urethra)

Alubim is a large protein you do

not want in your urine

Distal tubule and collecting duct are ____________ to water in the absence of ADH (antiduirtic hormone) so the water will be excreted as dilute urine

impermable

ADH is

antiduritic hormone

significantly decreases urine volume

Urea-

moves water back into the urinary system

by product of protein breakdown (amino acid catabolism)

Uric Acid

a product of nucleic acid metabolism (DNA, RNA, ATP)

Gout is

excess of uric acid in blood and forms crystals in joints

Urine composition-

95% of water

metabolic waste products: urea, uric acid, and creatine

Kidney stones are composed of

uric acid

form in the collecting ducts of kidneys

Urinary bladder

stores urine and sends it to the urethra for elimination

3 openings- 2 for ureters and 1 for urethra

Internal urethra sphincter

involuntary smooth muscle

External urethra sphincter

voluntary, skeletal muscle

3 parts of the urethra

prostatic, membranous, spongy urethra

Reproductive system enables-

sexual maturation of each indivudials

Gonads

testes and ovaries

(produce hormones and gametes)

Gametes

are sex cell that the gonads produce

Male gametes

testes (sperm)

Female gametes

ova (oocytes, eggs)

Fertilization is the joining of

2 haploid cells to create a diploid cell

Haploid cells/ mature name-

spermatozoon mature sperm cell

ovum mature egg cell

Spermatozoon

mature sperm cell

3 parts of the male urethra

1) prostatic urethra

2) membranous urethra

3) spongy urethra

parts conduct semen to the exterior urethra

Penis contains

erectile tissue

Scrotum surrounds the

testes and is outside of the abdominal cavity

Ductus deferens or vanns deferens-

carries sperm from epdidymis and prostate

Seminal gland-

secretes fluid like substance that allow the sperm to survive with out nutrients

Prostate-

secretes fluid and enzymes that thin out semen

Bulbo urethra gland/ Cowper's glands-

secretes fluids that lubricate tip of penis

Epididymis is the site of

sperm maturation

Tesis/ testicle-

produces sperm and hormones

Testes seminiferous tubules-

contain cells that produce sperm

Testes interstitial cells-

produce androgens testosterone

Seminal vesicles (glands)-

majority of volume of semen

• secrete alkaline fluid (regulates pH)

• secrete fructose (energy of sperm)

• contents empty into ejaculatory duct

Prostate glands-

enhances sperm motility by thinning out semen

inferior to urinary bladder

minority of volume of semen

Bulbouretral gland/ Cowper’s gland-

lubricates end of penis

does not have sperm cells in it

Scrotum has 2 chambers that contain a

testis and epididymis

Penis-

conveys urine and semen through the urethra

body/shaft 3 columns of erectile tissue (2 corpora cavemosa, 1 corpus spongiosum)

Glans penis-

distal enlargement of corpus spongiosum

Prepuce (foreskin)-

covering of glans penis,

chopchop during circumscion

3 parts of sperm cell-

head, midpiece, and tail

Mons pubis-

pad of fatty tissue overlapping symphysis pubis

Clitoris-

contains erectile tissue

Labia-

contains glands that lubricate the entrance to vagina

Mammary gland

produces milk for a newborn

Uterine tube other name-

fallopian tube

Uterus

above urinary bladder

Ovary is where

hormones are produced

production of oocytes, immature female gametes

secretion of female sex hormones, estrogen, progesterone

Fallopian tube is where-

fertilization takes place

tubular organ that transports ovulated egg cells from ovary to uterine tube

The cilia in the Uterine tube help-

the egg move down the fallopian tube

Uterine wall layers

1. endometrium (mucosa, inner fertilized egg will implant here)

2. myometrium (muscle layer, middle)

3. perimetrium (serousa layer, outer)

Vulva is apart of your-

external genitals

Vulva includes

labia major, mons pubis, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule

Vestibule is the-

space between minor and encloses the vagina + urethra opening

Vestibular gland secrete-

mucous into vestible during sex stimulation

can get blocked

Oogensis-

production of egg (process of maturation of oocyte)

Secondary oocyte is -

the future ovum (mature egg cell) which may be fertilized by sperm in the future

Zygote

fertilized egg

Zygote then _______ then ______

embryo, fetus

Ovaries (3 step cycle)

1. Follicular phase- controlled by FSH, follicle activated + egg developing

2. Ovulation phase- triggered by LH, secondary oocyte pushed out of Graafian follicle

3. Luteal phase- prepare for pregnancy w/ corpus luteum, secretes progesterone (prepares body for preggo)

Mammary gland

milk generation

Prolactin