bsc1005l exam 2

Macromolecules

classes of large scale molecules including lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

emergent properties

functions found in the arrangement of the building blocks of a molecule that are not present in the individual building blocks themselves

Monomers

small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers (join together to form nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates)

how can an organism obtain macromolecules and how does the body process them?

-eating

- cellular machinery breaks it down into simpler components which are then delivered to other cells in the circulatory system

Carbohydrates

monosacharides and polysacharides

monosaccharides

simple sugars

major nutrients to generate energy in cellular respiration

(glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose)

polysaccharides

complex sugars

storage of energy for later use

structural support for cell walls or exoskeletons

(cellulose, starch)

proteins

amino acids

-critical component of nearly everything we do (organisms defense, communication, energy storage, movement, transport, chem reactions)

- hemoglobin, collagen, insulin, keratin, caselin, antibodies, and lactase

nucleic acids

nucleotides

-store, transmit, and help express genetic information

-DNA and RNA

Lipids (dont mix well with water/hydrophobic)

-no true monomers

-subgroups- fats, phospholipids, amd steroids

-energy source, construction of cell membranes, signaling molecules

-unsaturated and saturated fats, cholesterol

glucose

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

-produces energy using glucose through cellular respiration

cch12o6+602 --> 6CO2 + 6H20 + 38 (ATP)

lactose intolerance

impaired ability to digest lactose due to reduced amounts of the enzyme lactase

saturated fats

A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products.

unsaturated fats

A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.

phospholipids

a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule

gene expression

The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, just RNAs.

proteins

arguable most important macromolecules

amino acids

20 kinds

the order determines the exact structure of the proteins

collagen

structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue

central dogma

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

biotic factors

living parts of an ecosystem

abiotic factors

Nonliving components of environment.

Ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

chemical cycling

recycling of our planets chemicals

we are _________-_________ life forms, and these molecules are formed through _______________________

- carbon-based

- photosynthesis

primary producers

An autotroph, usually a photosynthetic organism. Collectively, autotrophs make up the trophic level of an ecosystem that ultimately supports all other levels.

Photosynthesis

CO2 + H2O --light--> sugars + O2

energy flow

the flow of energy from an ecosystem to an organism and from one organism to another

trophic levels

The hierarchical levels of the food chain through which energy flows from primary producers to primary consumers, secondary consumers and so on.

the greater the number of interactions in a community or food web, the ________________ it will be

a) more stable

b) less stable

a) more stable

secondary comsumers

the second level of heterotrophs that eats the primary consumer

we need primary producers for-

oxygen and carbon atoms

what percentage of stored chemical energy is available in the next highest trophic level?

10%

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

carbon cycle

the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back

another source of CO2 is through the ________________ that do what?

detrivores/decomposers

break down the matter

plants need what 4 things to grow?

water, CO2, sunlight, and mineral nutrients

what are examples of mineral nutrients?

nitrate and phosphate

phosphates are needed in plants bc it

makes dna and the phospholipid bilayer that makes up all cell membranes

where do the phosphates in the soil come from?

the weathering of rocks that contain phosphate

nitrogen cycle

The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere

Who sets the water quality standards?

United States Environmental Protection Agency

what are state agencies required to monitor?

water quality

pathogen

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

three-domain system

Domains Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya.

prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea- unicellular

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

amoeba

includes a pathogenic species that causes dysentery

water testing standards

check pgs 120-121

ecology

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

competition

interation in which one organism deprives another of a common resource, causing it to grow more slowly, leave fewer offspring, or die more quickly

predation

An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.

grazing

an interaction in which an organism takes only part of its prey

detritivory

the consumption of dead organic matter and is a process essential to nutrient cycling

species richness

the number of different species in a community

species abundance

proportion of each species in an ecosystem

total biomass

number of individuals of a species

pitfallt traps

containers of appropriate size placed in the ground so that the lip of the container is flush with the surface

species accumulation curves

visualize the accumulation rate of newly discovered species over the sampled area

clay soil

heavy, sticky soil made mostly of the smallest particles

loam soil

Soil ideal for agriculture that consists of a roughly equal mixture of clay, sand, and silt.

key stone species

A species that can cause dramatic changes in the structure of a community if removed

keystone species in florida

the gopher tortoise

adaptation

A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce

fitness

Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

ecological niche

the sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment

hierarchical classification system

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

stabalizing selection

favors average version of the trait

directional selection

Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve

disruptive selection

form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle

reproductive barriers

anything that prevents individuals of closely related species from interbreeding

prezygotic barriers

Barriers that impede mating or hinder fertilization.

postzygotic barriers

Barriers that prevent the hybrid zygote from becoming a fertile adult.

temporal isolation

form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times

Homology

similarity resulting from common ancestry

the fossil record

Chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers

Biogeography

Study of past and present distribution of organisms

molecular biology

the study of heredity at the molecular level