the making of medieval europe - chapter 9

Franks

A Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul.

Clovis

5th century Frankish leader of a large kingdom who converted to Christianity

Merovingian Dynasty

a Frankish dynasty founded by Clovis I that reigned in Gaul and Germany from about 500 to 750

Pepin II

Mayor of the palace who made the position hereditary and united the Frankish kingdoms

Charles Martel

Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.

Charlemagne

800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire

Treaty of Verdun

843 Treaty that ended power struggle of Charlemagne's 3 sons after his death and split Franks into 3 kingdoms

Charles the Bald

received West Frankland

Louis the German

received East Frankland

Lothair

gained the central part of the Frankish Kingdom by the Treaty of Verdun

Vikings

Invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia

Henry the Fowler

the first of the Saxon line of German kings

Otto I

10th century ruler who became emperor of the German states through close ties with the Catholic church

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Alfred the Great

first great king of England

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

Traces the history of England from the Roman times to Alfred's day.

Battle of Hastings

(1066 CE) The Norman invasion of England; this was the largest battle.

Domesday Book

A record of all the property and holdings in England commissioned by William the Conqueror in 1066 so he could determine the extent of his lands and wealth

Hugh Capet

King of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996)

Ile-de-France

The region around Paris that was the domain of French kings, where the Gothic style developed.

Who was Philip II of France?

Philip II was King of France from 1180 to 1223.

What was Philip II's byname?

Philip II was also known as Philip Augustus.

What was significant about Philip II's title as King?

From 1190 onward, Philip became the first French monarch to style himself 'King of France'.

feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Lords

A person of high rank who owned land but owed loyalty to his king

fiefs

pieces of land given to vassals by their lord

vassal

A knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land

investiture

a ceremony in which a person formally receives the authority and symbols of an office

knight

A man who received honor and land in exchange for serving a lord as a soldier.

page

a boy servant or attendant, the first step in becoming a knight

squire

a young nobleman acting as an attendant to a knight before becoming a knight himself

chivalry

Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages

Peace of God

church decree that forbade knights to pillage church property and extended protection to all noncombatants in society

Truce of God

A rule enacted by the medieval Church forbidding warfare during certain holy days of the year

freemen

Peasants who rented land or worked for pay

serfs

A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times

catholic

universal

Leo I

the first pope officially recognized as the supreme head of the church

Petrine Theory

This theory holds that Christ made Peter the first pope and gave him supreme authority over the church on earth.

Gregory I

"Gregory the Great"; broadened the authority of the papacy, or pope's office, beyond spiritual role; papacy became secular power involved in politics

purgatory

A place of temporary punishment

seven sacraments

Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony

mass

Catholic worship service

clergy

Church officials

laity

regular church members

secular clergy

Parish clergy who did not belong to a religious order.

regular clergy

Clergy who live under the rule of a monastic house; monks and nuns

Benedictine Rule

a collection of rules or guidelines for monks and monasteries; named for Benedict of Nursia; widely used in Europe in the Middle Ages

Patrick

a priest who brought Christianity to Ireland

Boniface

Apostle to the Germans

lay investiture

the appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles

College of Cardinals

A Church body made up of all the cardinals whose function is to advise the Pope about Church matters and to elect a successor following the death of a Pope.

Gregory VII

Pope during the 11th century who attempted to free Church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture.