HADI FINAL REVIEW
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249 Terms
Why is carbon considered the "stuff of life"?
Carbon has 4 valence electrons, allowing it to form 4 covalent bonds and create various large molecules.
Why is water a polar molecule?
Water is polar because oxygen has a slight negative charge and hydrogen has a slight positive charge.
How do hydrogen bonds form between water molecules?
The positive hydrogen of one water molecule is attracted to the negative oxygen of another water molecule.
What properties of water derive from polarity and hydrogen bonding?
Cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, and being a good solvent.
Order the following from largest to smallest: molecule, atom, nucleus, proton.
Molecule → Atom → Nucleus → Proton.
How many different elements are in ethanol?
Ethanol contains 3 elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
How many total atoms are in ethanol?
Ethanol has 9 atoms.
How many protons does lithium have?
Lithium has 3 protons.
How many neutrons does lithium have?
Lithium has 4 neutrons.
How many electrons does lithium have?
Lithium has 3 electrons.
What does the atomic number represent?
The atomic number represents the number of protons.
What does atomic mass represent?
Atomic mass represents the total number of protons and neutrons.
What would be different about lithium with an atomic mass of 8?
It would have a different number of neutrons.
What is an isotope?
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
What is a buffer?
A buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH.
How do you know if a solution is buffered?
Its pH stays about the same when acid or base is added.
How does a buffer work when acid is added?
It accepts extra hydrogen ions to keep pH stable.
How does a buffer work when base is added?
It donates hydrogen ions to keep pH stable.
Which substance has the most acidic pH?
Lemon juice.
Which substance is closest to neutral pH?
Butter.
Which substance has the most hydrogen ions?
Lemon juice.
Which substance has the most hydroxide ions?
Butter.
What is matter?
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
What is the nucleus?
The nucleus is the part of an atom made up of protons and neutrons.
What are the 8 characteristics of life?
Cells, reproduction, genetic code, growth and development, energy use, response to stimuli, homeostasis, and evolution.
What is an autotroph?
An organism that makes its own food.
What is a heterotroph?
An organism that gets energy by consuming other organisms.
What is a producer?
An organism that makes its own food.
What is a consumer?
An organism that eats other organisms for energy.
What is a herbivore?
A consumer that eats only plants.
What is a carnivore?
A consumer that eats only animals.
What is a decomposer?
A consumer that eats dead or decaying matter.
What is a photoautotroph?
An organism that uses light energy to make food.
What is a chemoautotroph?
An organism that uses chemical energy from inorganic compounds to make food.
What happens to energy as you move up an energy pyramid?
Available energy decreases at each higher trophic level.
What is an abiotic factor?
A nonliving part of an environment.
What is a biotic factor?
A living part of an environment.
What is ATP?
The main energy-carrying molecule used by cells.
What is the function of ATP?
ATP stores and releases energy for cellular work.
When is energy stored in ATP?
When a phosphate group is added to ADP.
When is energy released from ATP?
When ATP loses a phosphate group and becomes ADP.
What is a synthesis reaction?
A reaction that builds larger molecules from smaller molecules.
What is a decomposition reaction?
A reaction that breaks larger molecules into smaller molecules.
How is energy involved in synthesis reactions?
Synthesis reactions usually require energy.
How is energy involved in decomposition reactions?
Decomposition reactions usually release energy.
What are enzymes?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
What type of molecule are enzymes?
Proteins.
What is a substrate?
The reactant that binds to an enzyme.
What is the active site?
The specific place on an enzyme where the substrate binds.
What is the enzyme-substrate complex?
The temporary structure formed when an enzyme and substrate bind.
Why are enzymes specific?
Their active site has a specific shape that only fits certain substrates.
What factors affect enzymes?
Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration.
What happens if an enzyme denatures?
Its shape changes and it may stop working.
What is a hypotonic solution?
A solution with lower solute concentration than another solution.
What is a hypertonic solution?
A solution with higher solute concentration than another solution.
What is an isotonic solution?
A solution with equal solute concentration compared to another solution.
Which way does water move during osmosis?
Water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic areas.
What does selectively permeable mean?
Only certain materials are allowed to pass through.
Do water molecules stop moving at equilibrium?
No, they continue moving equally in both directions.
What happens to a cell in a hypertonic environment?
Water leaves the cell, so the cell shrinks and mass decreases.
What happens to a cell in a hypotonic environment?
Water enters the cell, so the cell swells and mass increases.
What happens to a cell in an isotonic environment?
Water enters and leaves equally, so mass stays the same.
What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?
It may swell and burst.
What happens to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution?
It becomes turgid because the cell wall prevents bursting.
What is turgor pressure?
Pressure from water pushing against a plant cell wall.
What is the fluid mosaic model?
The model describing the cell membrane as flexible with many parts moving within it.
What are phospholipids?
Molecules with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails that form the cell membrane.
What does hydrophilic mean?
Water-loving.
What does hydrophobic mean?
Water-fearing or water-repelling.
What materials pass easily through the cell membrane?
Small, nonpolar molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide.
What materials are repelled by the cell membrane?
Large, polar, or charged molecules.
What is the job of transport proteins?
They help materials move across the membrane.
What is the job of glycoproteins and glycolipids?
They help with cell recognition and communication.
What organelle performs photosynthesis?
Chloroplast.
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen.
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide, water, and light.
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen.
Where do light-dependent reactions occur?
In the thylakoid membrane.
What is needed for light-dependent reactions?
Light, water, ADP, and NADP+.
What is produced by light-dependent reactions?
Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?
In the stroma.
What is needed for the Calvin Cycle?
Carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH.
What is produced by the Calvin Cycle?
Glucose, ADP, and NADP+.
What environmental factors affect photosynthesis?
Light intensity, carbon dioxide levels, temperature, and water availability.
What part of the electromagnetic spectrum is used by plants for photosynthesis?
Visible light, especially red and blue light.
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy/ATP.
What are the reactants of cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen.
What are the products of cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP energy.
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasm.
What goes into glycolysis?
Glucose, 2 ATP, NAD+, and ADP.
What comes out of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and a net gain of 2 ATP.
How many ATP are gained from glycolysis?
2 ATP net.
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
In the mitochondrial matrix.
What goes into pyruvate oxidation?
Pyruvate, NAD+, and coenzyme A.
What comes out of pyruvate oxidation?
Acetyl-CoA, carbon dioxide, and NADH.
How many ATP are gained from pyruvate oxidation?
0 ATP.
Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?
In the mitochondrial matrix.
What goes into the Krebs Cycle?
Acetyl-CoA, NAD+, FAD, and ADP.
What comes out of the Krebs Cycle?
Carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP.
How many ATP are gained from the Krebs Cycle?
2 ATP.