Nutrition: Minerals

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Last updated 10:22 PM on 4/26/26
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21 Terms

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Why are minerals required?

To maintain homeostasis and metabolism

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How do you get adequate mineral intake?

Through a balanced diet

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What are 2 main types of minerals?

  1. Micro minerals

  2. Macro minerals

Are either ions or electrolytes

Found in body fluid or molecules

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Supplements are used to correct/prevent which diseases and imbalances?

  1. Osteoporosis

  2. Anemia

  3. Hypokalemia

  4. Hyponatremia

  5. Hypophosphatemia

Excess amounts can lead to toxicity

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Micro Minerals

“trace minerals”

  1. Iron

  2. Zinc

  3. Iodine

  4. Fluoride

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Macro minerals

> 100mg daily

  1. Calcium

  2. Potassium

  3. Magnesium

  4. Sodium

  5. Chloride

  6. Sulfur

  7. Phosphorous

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Calcium is essential for what?

Nerve conduction, muscular contraction, and bone construction

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Symptoms of low calcium

irritable and restless, muscle twitches, cramps, spasms, increased risk of fractures

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What is hypocalcemia?

Low calcium levels

  1. Occurs with diarrhea, decreased secretion of parathyroid hormone, lack of Ca rich foods or Vit D

  2. Pharmacotherapy: calcium, citrate, gluconate, lactate

  3. Calcium gluconate: prototype to treat hypocalcemia and osteoporosis

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Normal Ca+ range

Adult: 9.0-10.5

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What is phosphorous essential for?

Bone structure, blood buffer

Highly binds to Calcium

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What is hypophosphatemia?

Low phosphorous levels

  1. Primarily seen in pts with kidney disorders, severe malnutrition, or GI malabsorption

  2. Symptoms: weakness, muscle tremors, anorexia, weak pulse

  3. Pharmacotherapy: Sodium or potassium phosphate

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Phosphorous normal range

Adult: 3.0-4.5

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Potassium

  • Essential for regulating cellular function

  • Must be carefully balanced between dietary intake and renal excretion

  • Potassium excretion highly influenced by aldosterone (hormone that stimulates the kidneys to actively secrete K+ in urine)

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Symptoms of Hypo/Hyperkalemia

  1. Cardiac dysrhythmias / cardiac arrest

  2. Heart blocks

  3. Myocardial infarctions

  4. Muscle weakness/twitching

  5. Abnormal cramping

  6. Diarrhea

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Normal serum potassium range

Adult: 3.5-5.0 MEQ

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Causes of Hypokalemia

  1. Diuretics

  2. Vomiting

  3. Diarrhea

  4. NGT suction

  5. Strenuous muscular activity

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How to correct Hypokalemia

  1. Diet- Foods rich in potassium (sweet potatoes, bananas, dried fruits

  2. PO or IV replacement- Potassium chloride

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Causes of Hyperkalemia

  1. Kidney failure

  2. Potassium sparing diuretics: spironolactone (Aldactone)

  3. Diet- Foods rich in potassium or salt substitutes

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How to correct Hyperkalemia

  1. Laxatives: Lactulose PO or rectal

  2. Potassium binding drugs (Kayexalate or Lokelma PO or rectal)

  3. Insulin SQ- regular insulin drives potassium into the cell and lowers the serum level of potassium

  4. Diet- restrict potassium rich foods

  5. Dialysis with renal failure

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Protype: Potassium Chloride