BIO 168 - Unit 1

What is chemisty?

• the science of structure and interactions of matter

What is matter?

• anything that has mass and takes up space

What is mass?

• the amount of matter a substance contains

What is weight?

• the force of gravity acting on a mass

What are the 3 forms of matter?

• solid

• liquid

• gas

What are all 3 forms of matter composed of?

• chemical elements

What are chemical elements composed of?

• atoms

What are atoms?

• the smallest units of matter that retain properties and characteristics of an element

What are atoms composed of?

• protons

• neutrons

• electrons

What are atomic numbers?

• the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

What are mass numbers?

• the number of protons AND neutrons in an atom

What are isotopes?

• variant atoms of a chemical element that have the same number of protons (atomic number - determines the element), but different neutrons

What is an ion?

• an atom that has gained or lost and electron (protons NOT = to electrons)

What is a molecule?

• 2 or more atoms sharing electrons

What is a compound?

• a substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements

What is a chemical bond?

• a bond that occurs when atoms are held together by forces of attraction

What determines the likelihood and atom will form a chemical bond with another atom?

• number of electrons in valence (outermost) shell

What is an ionic bond?

• one or more electron is transferred from the valence shell of one electron to another

• BEND > 1.7

• *typically metal + nonmetal

What is a cation?

• positively charged ion

What is an anion?

• negatively charged ion

What is a covalent bond?

• two atoms share a pair of electrons

• BEND < 1.7

• *typically 2 nonmetals

What is a hydrogen bond?

• hydrogen atom covalently bonds to a highly electronegative atom

• FON

What is a chemical reaction?

• a process where one or more substances (reactants) are transformed into different substances (products)

• occurs when old bonds are broken and new bonds are formed

What are reactants?

• the starting substances in a chemical reaction that are consumed or altered

What are products?

• output of chemical reaction

What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?

• matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction (it is transformed)

What elements compose most of the body?

• C, H, O, N

• 96% of body mass

What are the macromolecules in the body?

• carbohydrates

• proteins

• lipids

• nucleic acids

What is a monomer?

• a small molecular building block that can bond with similar molecules to form a larger thing

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

• monosaccharide

What is the monomer of proteins?

• amino acids

What is the monomer of lipid?

• glycerol and fatty acids

What is the monomer of nucleic acid?

• nucleotides

What is energy?

• the capacity to do work

What is potential energy?

• the stored energy an object or system possesses due to its position, state, or configuration

What is kinetic energy?

• the energy an object possesses due to its motion

What is chemical energy?

• the potential energy stored within the bonds of atoms and molecules

What is activation energy?

• the minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

What is an exergonic reaction?

• a chemical reaction that releases energy

• ex: bond breaking

What is an endergonic reaction?

• a chemical reaction that absorbs energy

• ex: bond forming

What is the strongest bond?

• covalent

What are the types of chemical reactions?

• synthesis

• decomposition

• exchange

• REDOX

What are inorganic compounds?

• compounds without C-H

What are organic compounds?

• compunds with C-H bonds

• compounds that (always) contain H and usually contain O

What is the most important and abundant inorganic compound in living things?

• Water (H2O)

What is the role of water in a hydrolysis reaction?

• water is added to break bonds

What is the role of water in dehydration synthesis?

• water is removed to make bonds

What are the thermal properties of water?

• high heat capacity

• high heat of vaporization

Describe the role of water as a lubricant in the body.

• Water is a major component of our body fluids and helps reduce friction as membranes and organs slide over one another

What is a mixture?

• a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but NOT bonded together

What are the 3 types of mixtures?

• solution

• colloid

• suspension

Describe carbon compounds.

• many Cs can combine in a variety of shapes

• do not dissolve easily in water

• a good source of energy

What provides most of the energy needed for life?

• carbohydrates

What is a saturated fatty acid?

• fatty acid with ONLY single bonds

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

• fatty acid that contains double and or triple bonds

What are triglycerides?

• most common type of fat in your body

• composed of glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acid chain

What are phospholipids?

• make up the cell membrane

• nonpolar tail

• polar head

What are enzymes?

• proteins that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy

What is an anabolic reaction?

• synthesis

• a metabolic process that builds complex molecules from simpler ones

• small → large

What is a steroid?

• molecule that contains 4 C ring structure

What is an exchange reation?

• reactants and products are the same, they just get rearragned

What is a REDOX reaction?

• critical for life (NECESSARY)

• transfer of electrons

• OILRIG

• LEO the GER

What is the role of proteins in the body?

• give structure to the body

• regulates processes

• provide protections

• assist in muscle contraction

• transport substances

• serve as enzymes

What is the primary structure of proteins?

• sequence of amino acids

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

• 3D pattern that form within polypeptide chain

• alpha helices and beta sheets

• drive by H-bonding along backbone

• ignore side chains

What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

• overall 3D shape of polypeptide

• formed by interactions of side chains (R groups)

What is quaternary structure or proteins?

• 3D arrange of MULTIPLE polypeptide chains

• HEMOGLOBIN

What is DNA?

• forms the genetic code in the nuclei of body cells and it regulates most of the cell’s activities

What is RNA

• guides protein formation

What is ATP

• principle energy-storing molecule in the body

What is the bicarbonate buffer system?

• CO2 + H2O <-> carbonic acid (H2CO3) <-> H+ + HC03- (bicarbonate)

• double arrow = reversible

• regulated by lungs

What is glycogen?

• stored form of carbohydrates

• stored in liver and muscle

What are the organ systems in the body?

• *DR SLIM CUREN*

  • digestive

  • respiratory

  • skeletal

  • lymphatic

  • integumentary

  • muscular

  • cardiovascular

  • urinary

  • reproductive

  • endocrine

  • nervous

What are the functions of the digestive system?

• digest food

• absorb nutrients into blood

• remove food waste

• regulates fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

What makes up the digestive system?

• esophagus

• liver

• stomach

• gallbladder

• pancreas

• large intestine

• small intestine

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

• deliver oxygen to the blood

• remove CO2 from the body

• maintain acid-base balance in the body

What makes up the respiratory system?

• pharynx

• larynx

• trachea

• lungs

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

• supports the body

• protects internal organs

• provides leverage for movement

• produce blood cells

• store calcium salts

What makes up the skeletal system?

• bones

• joints

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

• return excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system

• provides immunity (protection against disease)

What makes up the lymphatic system?

• lymph nodes

• thymus

• spleen

• lymphatic vessels

• tonsils

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

• protects the body from the external environment

• produces vitamin D

• retains water

• regulates body temperature

What makes up the integumentary system?

• skin

• hair

• nails

What are the functions of the muscular system?

• produce movements

• control body openings

• generate heat

What makes up the muscular system?

• skeletal muscles

What are the types of muscles in the body?

• skeletal muscle

• cardiac muscle

• smooth muscle

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

• pumps and delivers oxygen poor blood to the lungs and oxygen rich blood to the tissues

• removes waste from the tissues

• transports cells, nutrients, and other substances

What makes up the cardiovascular system?

• heart

• blood vessels

What are the functions of the urinary system?

• remove metabolic wastes from the blood

• regulates fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

• stimulates blood cell production

What makes up the urinary system?

• kidneys

• ureters

• urinary bladder

• urethra

What are the functions of the male reproductive system?

• produces and transports sperm

• secretes hormones

• sexual function

What makes up the male reproductive system?

• prostate gland

• vas deferens

• testis

• penis

What are the functions of the female reproductive system?

• produces and transports eggs

• site of fetal development, fetal nourishment, childbirth, and lactation

• secretes hormones

• sexual function

What makes up the female reproductive system?

• mammary glands

• fallopian tubes

• ovaries

• uterus

• vagina

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

• regulates body functions

• regulates the functions of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called hormones

What makes up the endocrine system?

• pineal gland

• hypothalamus

• pituitary gland

• thyroid gland

• thymus gland

• adrenal gland

• pancreas

• ovaries (female)

• testes (male)

What are the functions of the nervous system?

• regulates body functions

• provides for sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental functions via nerve impulses

What makes up the nervous system?

• brain

• spinal cord

• nerves

What are the levels of organization in the body?

1. chemical

2. cellular

3. tissue

4. organ

5. system

6. organismal