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Fractures

Breaks in bones due to injury or trauma.

Open reduction with internal fixation

A surgical procedure where pins, plates, screws, or rods are used internally to set broken bones.

Neurovascular checks

Assessment of pain level, sensation, skin temperature, color, and capillary refill to monitor for complications.

Osteomyelitis

An infection of the bone.

Symptoms of osteomyelitis

Swelling, warmth, tenderness, bone pain, tiredness, fever.

Risk factors for osteomyelitis

Deep wounds, weakened immune systems, diabetes, peripheral artery disease, sickle cell disease.

Complications of osteomyelitis

Bone death (osteonecrosis), septic arthritis, chronic osteomyelitis.

Diagnosis of osteomyelitis

No blood tests; methods can include x-rays, MRI, CT scans, and bone biopsies.

Treatment for osteomyelitis

Surgery to drain the infected area and remove diseased bone, long-term antibiotic therapy.

Leukemia

A cancer of the body's blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow.

Symptoms of leukemia

Pallor, fatigue, shortness of breath, swollen lymph nodes, bone pain, abnormal bleeding.

Diagnosis of leukemia

Physical exam, blood tests, bone marrow tests.

Treatment for leukemia

Chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation, bone marrow transplant, immunotherapy.

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells; originates in the lymph nodes.

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

A more complex group of lymphomas that arise in various parts of the body and are harder to detect.

Symptoms of lymphoma

Swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, drenching night sweats, itchy skin.

Diagnosis of lymphoma

Blood tests, CT/PET scans, lymph node biopsy.

Risk factors for lymphoma

Age, family history, infections such as HIV or EBV.

Sickle cell anemia

An inherited blood disorder where red blood cells are shaped like sickles, blocking blood flow.

Symptoms of sickle cell anemia

Fatigue, episodes of pain, swelling of hands and feet, frequent infections.

Diagnosis of sickle cell anemia

Blood test; included in newborn screening.

Treatment for sickle cell anemia

Managing pain, preventing complications, blood transfusions.

Hemophilia

A genetic disorder resulting in insufficient clotting factors, increasing the risk of excessive bleeding.

Neutropenia

A condition where there is an insufficient number of neutrophils, leading to a higher risk of infection.

Education for patients with neutropenia

Daily temperature checks, avoiding sick people, no raw food.

AML (Acute Myeloid Leukemia)

Fast-growing cancer of the blood and bone marrow, most common in adults over 65.

ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia)

Fast-growing and rare blood cancer related to immature white blood cells, most common in children.

Differences between AML and ALL

AML affects myeloid cells and is common in adults, while ALL affects lymphoid cells and is common in children.

Arthritis

A term for many conditions that affect the joints, causing swelling and pain.

Symptoms of arthritis

Pain, stiffness, swelling, decreased range of motion.

Complications of arthritis

Difficulty walking, changes in joint alignment.

Diagnosis of arthritis

Laboratory tests, x-rays, CT, MRI, ultrasound.

Treatment for arthritis

NSAIDs, corticosteroids, physical therapy, surgery.

Education for arthritis patients

Weight management, exercise, heat and cold therapy.

HIV

A virus that damages the immune system by destroying CD4 T cells.

Complications of HIV,

Pneumonia, tuberculosis, kidney disease, liver disease.

Diagnosis of HIV

Blood tests including antigen-antibody tests.

Education for HIV patients

Healthy eating, avoiding raw foods, vaccinations.

Pneumonia vaccine

Covers 20 strains of strep to prevent infections.

Lupus

An autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks its own tissues.

Symptoms of lupus

Inflammation affecting joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, and a butterfly rash.

Risks for lupus

Sex (more common in women), age (15-45), and certain ethnicities.

Treatment for lupus

NSAIDs, antimalarial drugs, corticosteroids.

Traction

A method used for stabilizing fractures.

Types of traction

Skeletal traction and skin traction.

Complications of traction

Pin-track infections, muscle wasting.

Pavlik harness

A soft splint used for infants with developmental hip dysplasia.

Casts

Devices used to immobilize broken bones.

Short arm cast

Used for immobilizing forearm and wrist fractures.

Long arm cast

For upper arm, elbow, or forearm fractures.

Short leg cast

Covers lower leg fractures with the ability to bear weight once stable.

Unilateral hip spica cast

Used for thigh/femur fractures, spanning from chest to foot of one leg.

Education on cast care

Keep it clean and dry, avoid moisture, elevate the cast.

When to call the doctor after casting

Fever greater than 101, increased pain, swelling, numbness, odor.