APES Population

birth rate

the number of births in a year for every 1,000 people in a population

death rate

the number of deaths each year per 1,000 people

growth rate

the amount by which a population's size changes in a given time

total fertility rate

The number of children born to an average woman in a population during her entire reproductive life

Replacement level fertility

the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1)

.1 in "2.1"

to compensate for infant mortality

infant mortality

the number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births

Malthus' theory of population

food increases in an arithmetic progression and population at a geometric progression; eventually, human population will exceed food supply and starvation will occur

IPAT model

Impact \= Population x Affluence x Technology
Population- size of the population
Affluence- resource consumption per person
Technology- harmful environmental effects of tech
Impact- total environmental impact of humans

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements. Caused growth of cities.

doubling time

70/r

3 post industrial countries

US, UK, South Korea

3 Industrial countries

Nigeria, Guatemala, Palestine

3-4 factors that lower TFR

Increased education for women
Increased access to contraceptives
Increased medical care
More economic opportunities for women

Survivorship

the percentage of members of a group that are likely to survive to any given age

Survivorship Curve

Type I: high survivorship at young age and low at old
Type II: constant survivorship at young and old age
Type III: low survivorship at young age and high at old

Survivorship + K/R + Examples

Type I: K Selected (humans, elephants, bears)
Type II: Mix (squirrels)
Type III: R Selected (frogs, rabbits, oyster)

r-selected species

Species that reproduce early in their life span and produce large numbers of usually small and short-lived offspring in a short period. Low paternal care, Type III survivorship

K-seleted species

relatively stable populations and tend to produce relatively low numbers of offspring. High paternal care at young age, type I survivorship

ecological footprint

the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

human footprint

the impact of human activities measured in terms of the area of biologically productive land and water required to produce the goods consumed and to assimilate the wastes generated.

positive feedback loop

feedback loop that causes a system to change further in the same direction

negative feedback loop

A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving. also called the Corrective Feedback Loop

which limit population growth: renewable or non-renewable resources?

non renewable

compare each characteristic between more economically developed countries and less economically developed countries:
per captia gdp
degree of industrialization
infant mortality rate
per captia fossil fuel use
ecological footprint
risk of infectious disease

medc's: (opposite for ledc's)
high
high
low
high
high
low

Tragedy of the Commons

situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community