Microbiology Exam 3

chapters 21, 22, 23

_____ is how disease occurs.

Pathogenesis

____ is how disease occurs in the community.

Epidemiology

What is the upper respiratory tract lined with?

Mucous membrane

What cells produce mucus and trap airborne particles including microbes?

Goblet cells

What propels mucus or trapped particles away from the lungs?

Mucociliary escalator

What is the pharynx?

throat (pharyngitis)

What connects the throat to the lower respiratory tract?

Larynx (laryngitis)

What covers lower respiratory tract during swallowing?

Epiglottis (epiglotitis)

What are the eyes and eyelids covered by?

conjunctiva

Tears are rich in what?

Lysozymes

Tear ducts connect to what cavity?

Nasal cavity

What are the three parts of the ears?

External, middle, inner

The middle part of the ears is connected by ____ to the pharynx.

Eustachian Tubes

What allows drainage and equalizes pressure in the middle part of ears?

Eustachian Tubes

____ branches into two bronchi.

Trachea

Bronchi branch repeatedly into _____.

Bronchioles

Smallest bronchioles end in the ____.

alveoli

____ is deep in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.

alveoli

The lungs are surrounded by membranes called _____.

Pleura

What is conjunctivitis also known as?

Pink eye

Tears, swollen eyelids, sensitivity to bright light, and pus are signs and symptoms of what URI?

conjunctivitis

Haemophilus influenza, streptococcus pneumoniae, and adenoviruses are causative agents of what?

conjunctivitis

T/F: Haemophilus influenza and streptococcus pneumoniae are bacteria.

true

During the pathogenesis of conjunctivitis, the pathogens release tissue-destroying enzymes and resist destruction by ____.

lysozymes

What are some preventative measures you can take to avoid conjunctivitis?

washing hands, avoiding touching eyes, avoid sharing linens

What is a treatment for conjunctivitis?

Antibiotic drops

Otitis media is also known as an _____ ____.

ear infection

severe earache, redness, and bulging tympanic membrane are signs and symptoms of what URI?

otitis media

What are the causative agents of otitis media?

haemophilus influenza, streptococcus pneumoniae

The pathogenesis of ____ ____ usually is preceded by infection of nasal cavity and pharynx that spreads through the eustachian tube and biofilm can lead to chronic infection.

otitis media

Increased risk from pacifiers beyond age two, nasal allergies, air pollution, and smoke exposure are included in the epidemiology of what infection?

Otitis media

What are treatments and prevention of otitis media?

antibiotics

Sinusitis is also known as a _____ _____.

sinus infection

Facial pain and pressure, headache, malaise, thick green nasal discharge and signs and symptoms of what infection?

sinusitis

What are the causative agents of sinusitis?

haemophilus influenza, streptococcus pneumoniae

During the pathogenesis of this infection, mucus obstructs sinus and leads to bacterial growth and biofilm may lead to chronic infections.

Sinusitis

What infection tends to affect adults and older children with more developed sinuses?

sinusitis

What are the treatments/preventative measurements for sinusitis?

antibiotics, avoiding smoking

Sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, tiny hemorrhages, and throat is red with patches of pus are signs and symptoms of what infection?

Streptococcus pharyngitis

Streptococcal pharyngitis is also known as what?

strep throat

T/F: Some patients with streptococcal pharyngitis are asymptomatic.

true

What is the causative agent of streptococcus pharyngitis?

S. pyogenes

What infectious disease can lead to scarlet fever, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, or flesh eating disease?

Streptococcus pharyngitis

Which infectious disease’s pathogenesis consists of producing exotoxins that lead to high fever?

Streptococcus pharyngitis

What is the treatment/prevention for streptococcus pharyngitis?

antibiotics

acute rheumatic fever, heart valve damage, and endocarditis are complications of untreated ________.

streptococcus pharyngitis

______ is inflammation of the kidneys.

Glomerulonephritis

_____ is a rare infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract in the United States because of immunization.

Diptheria

Mild sore throat, slight fever, malaise, membrane forming in throat, lymph nodes and neck tissue swelling are signs and symptoms of what infectious disease?

Diptheria

Heart and kidney failure along with paralysis can occur later if what infectious disease is left untreated?

Diptheria

What is the causative agent of diptheria?

C. Diptheria

Exotoxin absorbed into the bloodstream is the pathogenesis of what infection?

Diptheria

What is the epidemiology of diptheria?

spread by air (inhalation)

During the treatment/prevention of diptheria, you can be injected with an antiserum. What is the mortality rate even with the injection?

10%

What is the most frequent infectious disease in humans that accounts for over half of upper respiratory infections?

The common cold

T/F there are over 100 types of human rhinoviruses.

true

This virus binds to epithelial cells lining the upper respiratory tract, ciliary motion of infected cells stops and cells may die.

common cold

This infection can spread to ears, sinuses, lower respiratory tract and is eventually stopped by immune responses.

common cold

Malaise, sore throat, rhinitis, cough, nasal secretions initially watery, may thicken or get cloudy are signs and symptoms of what?

common cold

What is rhinitis?

congestion and runny nose

How is the common cold spread?

By close contact, inhaling airborne droplets, touching eyes

Which infectious disease only needs a few viruses to infect?

common cold

T/F: Viruses are not affected by antibiotics.

true

______ relieve pain.

Analgesics

________ are fever reducers.

antipyretics

What is the treatment and prevention of the common cold?

Hand washing, avoiding touching face, avoid crowded places, avoid infected individuals, cover coughs and sneezes

Is there a vaccine for the common cold?

no

These infections are widespread and cause a variety of URI’s characterized by fever.

Adenoviruses

Fever (unlike common cold), rhinitis, sore throat, pus on pharynx, lymph nodes become large and tender, and patients may develop a severe cough are symptoms of what?

adenoviruses

Symptoms of this may be confused with those of strep throat and pneumonia.

Adenovirus

How long does recovery of adenovirus infection usually take?

1 to 3 weeks

There are more than 50 types of these infections.

adenoviruses

_______ attaches to epithelial cells, avoids host defenses, and severe infections can result in extensive destruction.

adenovirus

_______ is spread by droplets, the virus can persist in environment, commonly infects school children, asymptomatic infections are common and fosters the spread.

adenovirus

What is the treatment and prevention of adenovirus?

there is no specific treatment, immunocompromised patients are more prone to sever or even fatal disease, and prevention is the same as common cold

What sign distinguishes adenovirus from the common cold?

fever

_______ is a disease of the lower respiratory tract caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infection of the lungs.

pneumonia

This is the leading cause of death due to infectious disease in the United States.

pneumonia

Cough, chills, shortness of breath, fever, chest pain, sometimes cyanosis, productive cough, sputum containing pus and blood comes up from lungs are signs and symptoms of what?

pneumonia

What is cyanosis?

blue color skin, nail beds, and mucous membranes

What is the difference in walking pneumonia vs regular pneumonia?

walking is atypical and has milder symptoms

How is pneumonia diagnosed?

by crackling sound with stethoscope or white shadow on chest xray

What is the causative agent of pneumonia?

various bacteria, viruses, and fungi

This is an opportunistic infection, the mucociliary escalator is compromised, and damaging effects occur due to inflammatory response.

pneumonia

During ________ fluids collect in the alveoli along with leukocytes and mucus, may cause consolidation (clogged alveoli) and may affect nerve endings in pleura causing pain(pleurisy).

pneumonia

Which infection is categorized as either CAP or HAP?

pneumonia

T/F: patients on ventilators are more at risk for HAPs because the ventilator tube provides a portal for microorganisms to enter the lungs.

True

What is the treatment and prevention for pneumonia?

antimicrobial medications used for bacterial and fungal pneumonias, but there is no effective treatment for viral pneumonia

T/F: many HAPs are caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria

true

Is there a vaccine for pneumonia?

yes

Signs are like an URI at first, then frequent and violent coughing occurs, inhalation of air makes a whooping sound, and seizures and cyanosis may occur during _____.

pertussis (whooping cough)

What is the causative agent of pertussis?

B. Pertussis

During _____ cells are inhaled and colonizes the upper throat, trachea, bronchi, and bronchiole where they release toxins.

pertussis

Is there a vaccine for pertussis?

yes

What is the causative agent of pertussis?

B. Pertussis

Which infectious disease colonizes the upper throat, trachea, bronchi and bronchiole where they release toxins and the cells are inhaled?

Pertussis

Which infectious disease has the most fatalities in those under 1 year of age, and is incidence increasing due to missed vaccination decreasing immunity in vaccinated?

pertussis

Intensive care sometimes needed in infants, prevented with vaccine given in combination with diptheria and tetanus toxoids, and an additional booster for adults is the treatment and prevention for what disease?

pertussis

Chronic fever, weight loss, night sweating, and persistent often blood streaked sputum are signs and symptoms of what?

Tuberculosis

What is the causative agent of tuberculosis?

M. tuberculosis