Further Organic Chemistry II - Aldehyde, Ketone and Carboxylic Acid

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering key organic chemistry concepts regarding aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids.

Aldehyde

Organic compounds with the functional group -CHO.

Ketone

Organic compounds with the functional group -C(=O)-.

Carboxylic Acid

Organic acids containing the carboxyl group -COOH.

Carbonyl Group

Functional group characterized by a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

IUPAC Naming for Aldehydes

Replace the suffix -e with -al.

Common Names for Aldehydes

Derived from the corresponding carboxylic acid by dropping -ic acid and adding -aldehyde.

Synthesis of Aldehydes

Typically obtained from primary alcohols via oxidation.

Synthesis of Ketones

Generally produced from the oxidation of secondary alcohols.

Nucleophilic Addition Reaction

Reaction where a nucleophile forms a bond with an electrophilic carbon atom, typically in carbonyl compounds.

Hydration of Aldehydes

Addition of water to an aldehyde to form a hydrate (diol).

Reducing Agents for Aldehydes

Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) or sodium borohydride (NaBH4) are common agents to reduce aldehydes to primary alcohols.

Reducing Agents for Ketones

LiAlH4 or NaBH4 can be used to reduce ketones to secondary alcohols.

Dicarboxylic Acid

Organic compounds with two carboxyl groups.

Oxidizing Agents for Aldehydes

Potassium dichromate, potassium permanganate, and Tollen's reagent can oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids.

Boiling Point of Aldehydes and Ketones

Higher than alkanes, but lower than alcohols due to inability to form hydrogen bonds with each other.

Aromatic Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids that contain an aryl group.

Decarboxylation

The process of removing a carboxyl group from a carboxylic acid.

Formation of Esters

Reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols in the presence of acid.

Hydrogen Bonding

Intermolecular attraction between molecules that can significantly affect boiling and melting points.

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine

Reagent used to identify aldehydes and ketones by forming yellow/orange precipitate.

Mechanism of Nucleophilic Addition

Steps involved in the addition of nucleophiles to carbonyl compounds, typically forming alcohols or imines.