Tourism concepts

Factors affecting leisure time

• HIC’s → more opportunities for extreme day trips, paid activities and hobbies are common

• LIC’s → less oportunities for paid activities. leisure cativities may include storytelling or playing music

• Gender → women’s status in society may affect the amount of time that can be spent on leisure. Men typically have more leisure time

• Age: people who have retired and younger people tend to have more leisure time

Growth of leisure affected by

• technology developments

• growth of leisure activities

• increased wages

• increase in self employemnt

• early retirment

• growth of middle class

• increase in adveritisng of leisure activities

• media exposure

• increase in disposable income

Types of tourism

• ecotourism - sustainable travel to areas

• heritage tourism - travel to experinece history and artefacts of a place

• sustainable tourism - balance between socicultural, economic and environemntal aspects

• mass tourism - catering for need of large groups

• niche tourism - caters for small groups of people

• adventure tourism - traveling to remote or challanging areas

• medical tourism - traveling for medical procedures

Primary resources

pre-existing attraction for tourism such as climate culture, or heritage sites

Secondary resources

Include entertainemnt and accomodation

Factors affecting personal partcipation in sport and tourism

• affluence - wealth

• gender - lower for women due to societal and cultural norms and traditional gender roles as women spend more time on childcare and household tasks

• Stages in lifecycle - children and young peopel partcipate more than full time workers

• personality - whether a person is an introvert or extrovert

• place of residence - physical factors, snow - for skiing, rivers - for fishing

• media exposure

tourist hotspot/honeypot

area that attracts a large number of tourists

Factors that determine whether an area is a hotspot

• climate - hot and sunny weather can lead to seasonal tourism

• Culture of an areas - clothing or food may encourage people to visit

• Natural landscape - mountains, rainforest or coasts may encourage

• Government investemnt and planning - can create new sporting areas

• Sporting events - such as Olympics

SUccesful hotspots need

• accomodation

• transport

• public utilities

• invetsemnt from governments

Factors affecting the Sphere of influence of sporting and tourist facilities

• affluence (eraning of people ) - if more income they will travel further

• government and private investemnt -

• advertisemnt and marketing

• increased developemnts

• impact of gloval competition

• media exposure

• graeter population mobility - tranport

Adventure tourims

• Definition: involves travelling to a remote area and some level of perceived risk

• Mount Everest - cost of 50 000 pounds

• Sahara Run - 250 km over 6-7 days in Morocco

• Antarctica

• Not always expnsiev, supports local economy, sustainable

• Usulaly high value customers - around 3000 punds for a week

• Dangerous

• Usually people aged 51 to 60 makes the largest groups of adventure tourists

Movie tourism

• New Zeland - Lord of the Rings and Hobbit

• Station - Harry Potter

• USA - gossip girl or vampire diaries

Heritage tourism

• people attarcted to see historical monuments

• Machu Pichu in Peru - World Hertiatge SIte - one of the Seven Wonders of the World

Mini case study: Machu Pichu Benefits

• cultural exchnage

• direct employmet

• revenue generation

• infrastructure developmeny

• conserving the local environmeny

Mini case study: Machu Pichu costs

• cultural conflicts

• increasing crime

• inflation of local prices

• jobs in tourism mainly seasonal

• number of tourists beyong carrying caapcity

• local infratsucture can cope with such high nubers

Advantages of niche tourism

• environemntly friendly - less polution

• more sustainable

• supports local economy

• creatin of jobs

Disadvanatges of niche tourism

• dangeorus - Sahara run

• Exposed to attack

• expensive - Mount Everes

Mass tourims adavnatges

• traveling in a group is safer

• chaper - due to shared costs

• socialising

• well organised

Disadvantages of mass tourism

• agencies can add extra costs

• tourist forced to see places they dont wan to

• noise, water and air pollution

• terrorist attacks on mass tourism

Adavanatges of TNC’s for diffrent stakeholders

• Tourists: make destinations more accesible by invetsing into airlines hotels etc

• Residents: increase jobs - can overcome unemployment and greater variety of goods and services available

• Employees: more job opportunites with helathcrae + holdiays. Training and opportunites to aquire new skills → languages, catering and entertainemnt

• Governments: more revenue from taxes

• Comeptitors: TNC’s create competion keading to imporvemht of goods and services, TNc’s adevrtise hence a greater demand

Disdvantages of TNC’s for stakeholders

• Employees: use local people as source of cheap labour - those people work in bad conditions and wont get manager jobs etc and can be replaced by technology

• Local residnets: increase in costs of living and good for lcoals - inflation and increased pollution, often disrespect of local culture and westernization of culture

• Governements: economic leakage → money goes back to host country - 80%, increased crime

• Comeptitors: TNc can take them out of business

Advanatges of TNC’s as a developemnt strategy

• Overcoming unemployemnt

• New skills - langauge, catering and enetrntainemnts

• Multiplier effect → icnoem gained by local people is circulated thorugh the economy by purchasing of profucts in host area

• Diveristy and foreign exchange

• Better working conditions

• More revenue from taxes

• TNC’s advertise tourist detinations

Disadvanatges of TNC’s as a developemnt strategy

• inflation - icnreased cost of lviing and goods

• Increased pollution

• poor working codnitions

• disresepect for lcoal culture

• economic lekage

• pressure on natural resouces

Advantages of hosting an international sporting event

• increased tourism

• increased temporrary job opportunities

• infrasturcture developments

• increases country’s visibility potentialy leading to more tourism in the future

• inspiring youth to engage in sports

• community engagement - a lot of people get engaged when preparing for hosting such an event

• cultural exchange - iternational visitors can share their culture and vice versa

Disadvantages of hosting an international sporting event

• high costs - sometimes may lead to debt

• displacement of local communities

• enviromental damge - pollution and deforestation

• crime

• pressure on local services

• worker abuse

Three types of carrying capaciy

• physical - meausre of absolute space

• ecological - level of use that the environemnt can sustain without damage

• perceptual - level of crowidng a tourist will put up with before they think it is too crowded and want to leav

Sustainabel tourism

meeting the needs of the present without comprosmising the needs for future generations

Factors infuencing future international tourism

• social media - people post their experinces encourgaing other people to visit - business can post their package trips

• International security - tourims is safer, sceurit checks are present in all forms

• Diaspora growth - diapsora communities travellin to area they migrated from

Political and cultural infleunces on inetrantional sport participation

• Interantional agreements : goverments encourgae sport partciipation for health benefits, developinng economy

• Increase of women in sports

• Increased paralympics - for people with disbailities