TOA 2nd Sem FINALS (Part 1)

Theory in Architecture

:Deals with what architecture is, what it should accomplish, and how to design it

History in Architecture

:Deals with theories, events, design methods, and buildings

Criticism

:Process and record of response to built environment; links theory and history

Mathematical Analogy

:Uses numbers and geometry in architecture

Golden Section

:Proportion used for harmony and design balance

Biological Analogy

:Architecture based on biological processes

Organic Architecture

:Focus on relationship between building and environment (Frank Lloyd Wright)

Biomorphic Architecture

:Focus on growth, movement, and change in structures

Romantic Analogy

:Architecture that evokes emotional response

Association

:Use of nature, past, childhood, or exotic references

Exaggeration

:Amplified design features to create emotion

Linguistic Analogy

:Buildings convey meaning like language

Grammatical Model

:Architecture as words governed by rules

Expressionist Model

:Architecture expresses architect's feelings

Semiotic Model

:Architecture as signs and symbols

Duck (Venturi)

:Building form shows meaning directly

Decorated Shed (Venturi)

:Building needs signs to show meaning

Mechanical Analogy

:Architecture compared to machines (Le Corbusier)

Problem-Solving Analogy

:Design as logical step-by-step process

Analysis

:First stage of problem solving

Synthesis

:Second stage of problem solving

Evaluation

:Third stage of problem solving

Adhocist Analogy

:Design using available materials without fixed ideals

Pattern Language Analogy

:Architecture based on standard patterns of human needs

Dramaturgical Analogy

:Architecture as stage for human activities

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

:Roman architect; author of early architectural theory

Firmitas

:Strength

Utilitas

:Function

Venustas

:Beauty

Medieval Architecture Theory

:Focused on monasteries; few written records

Renaissance Architecture Theory

:Revival of classical antiquity; rise of architectural specialization

Art Nouveau

:First independent architectural style after Gothic

Five Points of Architecture (Le Corbusier)

:Pilotis, Free Plan, Free Facade, Horizontal Window, Roof Garden

Pilotis

:Columns lifting building above ground

Free Plan

:Flexible interior layout

Free Facade

:Wall independent of structure

Horizontal Window

:Long ribbon window for light and view

Roof Garden

:Green space on building roof

Bruno Zevi

:Architecture is space; emphasizes experience over form

Industrial Revolution

:Start of modern architecture (1768)

Joseph Paxton

:Designed Crystal Palace (1851)

Elisha Otis

:Invented elevator (1857)

Rolled Steel

:Mass construction material innovation

Great Chicago Fire (1871)

:Led to modern skyscraper development

William Le Baron Jenney

:First skyscraper designer

Daniel Burnham

:"Make no little plans"

Louis Sullivan

:"Form follows function"

Chicago School

:Architectural movement using steel frame construction

Chicago Window

:Large fixed center window with smaller sides

World Columbian Exposition (1893)

:Major architectural event in Chicago

Frederick Law Olmsted

:Landscape architect of exposition

Otto Wagner

:Modern architecture pioneer in Europe

Adolf Loos

:"Ornament is a crime"

H.P. Berlage

:Modern structural rationalism

Frank Lloyd Wright

:Organic architecture pioneer

Peter Behrens

:Influential industrial architect

Walter Gropius

:Founder of Bauhaus

Mies van der Rohe

:"Less is more"

Le Corbusier

:Modernist architect; machine-age architecture

Futurism

:Movement focused on speed and dynamism

Cubism

:Movement focused on spatial abstraction

Bauhaus

:School combining art and technology (1920s)

International Style

:Minimalist modern architecture (1930s)

Robert Venturi

:"Less is bore"

Philip Johnson

:Postmodern architect; introduced "Discovery"

Eero Saarinen

:Architecture enhances human life

Alvar Aalto

:Human-centered modernism

Tadao Ando

:Architecture influences human behavior

Free Facade

:Non-load bearing exterior walls

Horizontal Window

:Ribbon windows for light distribution

Pilotis

:Structural columns lifting building

Roof Garden

:Nature integrated into building

Functional Grouping

:Organizing spaces based on function

Horizontal Disposition

:Horizontal arrangement of spaces

Adjacency

:Placing related spaces together

Relatedness

:Grouping similar functions

Sequence in Time

:Arrangement based on activity flow

Required Environment

:Needs like ventilation, privacy, ceiling height, view

Effects Produced

:Noise, heat, vibration, odor, radiation, etc.

Proximity to Buildings

:Distance relationship between structures

Core Activities

:Main building functions

People Characteristics

:Users of the space

Volume of People

:Number of users

Man-Machine Interaction

:Level of human and equipment use