Cognitive Practice Questions Final

Which of the following statements is accurate?

a The term concept is (or should be!) used to refer to the class of objects (or events or patterns) out in the real world that are usually considered to be the same kind of thing; the term category is (or should be) used to refer to the mental representation of that class of objects/events/patterns

b.The term category is (or should be!) used to refer to the class of objects (or events or patterns) out in the real world that are usually considered to be the same kind of thing; the term concept is (or should be) used to refer to the mental representation of that class of objects/events/patterns

b.The term category is (or should be!) used to refer to the class of objects (or events or patterns) out in the real world that are usually considered to be the same kind of thing; the term concept is (or should be) used to refer to the mental representation of that class of objects/events/patterns

Which of the following statements is inaccurate?

a. An example of a typicality effect is that a picture of a robin is verified as being a bird more quickly than a picture of a penguin is verified as being a bird

b. An example of a typicality effect is that a picture of a penguin is verified as being a bird more quickly than a picture of a robin is verified as being a bird

c. The “classical” approach to knowledge representation proposes that concept knowledge has a format like a dictionary definition

d. Findings that humans seem to treat certain members of a category (eg robins, as members of the category bird) as more typical or somehow better members of the category than other members (eg penguins) are referred to as typicality effects

b. An example of a typicality effect is that a picture of a penguin is verified as being a bird more quickly than a picture of a robin is verified as being a bird

Typicality effects are a problem for the classical view of categorization because:

If a category is based on a definition then all members should be equally typical

Which of the following statements is accurate?

a. The classical view and prototype theory both propose that our knowledge of a concept is made up of a binary set of characteristics that have equal weight

b. The classical view is the best currently established explanation of concept knowledge

c. Both the classical and prototype theories can explain typicality effects

d. Our knowledge of a concept is made up of: A binary set of characteristics that have equal weight, according to the classical view;  A differentially weighted set of most typical characteristics, according to prototype theory

d. Our knowledge of a concept is made up of: A binary set of characteristics that have equal weight, according to the classical view;  A differentially weighted set of most typical characteristics, according to prototype theory

Of the following category lists, the one that is in the order superordinate-basic-subordinate is:

Furniture, Lamp, Table-Lamp

A major difference between prototype theory and exemplar theory is that:

Only exemplar theory proposes that specific previously encountered instances of a category are encoded

Which of the following statements is inaccurate?

a. Prototype theory proposes that knowledge about an object (ieconcept knowledge) is abstract and consists of information about the most typical and characteristic features of the object

b. Exemplar theory proposes that concept knowledge consists of many stored examples of that type of object that a person has encountered

c. Neither prototype theory nor exemplar theory can explain typicality effects

d. Both prototype theory and exemplar theory can explain typicality effects

e. The basic level term used to describe something you are eating would be pear, rather than D’Anjou pear, or fruit

c. Neither prototype theory nor exemplar theory can explain typicality effects

Cognitive psychologists have always agreed that mental representation of visual information can at least sometimes be in a pictorial rather than a propositional format

False

Which of the following statements is accurate?

a. Language has structure/patterns only at the level of sentences

b. Phonemes are the smallest units of speech sounds that affect meaning

b. Phonemes are the smallest units of speech sounds that affect meaning

How many phonemes does the spoken word "spanish" have?

6

Think about how you produce the sounds /t/ and /d/ ( to compare them, imagine saying “tip” and “dip”, and focus on how you produce the first sounds in each)

These sounds have the same place of articulation

The self-help book The Courage to Heal, which offered advice to those who had suffered childhood abuse, raises concerns for the accuracy of recovered memories because ______.

a. readers are encouraged to use accessible memories to try and recover memories of abuse associated with the original event

b. it promotes the use of free imagination in order to help readers recover their memories of abuse

c. all of these

d. it suggests to readers that the symptoms of abuse, even without corroboration, means that the abuse occurred

c. all of these

The idea that we might repress memories of traumatic events which can only be recovered later dates back to ______'s psychoanalytic tradition.

Freud

If you were to want to get accurate memory from an eyewitness to an event, what would be the best question to ask them?

"Tell me what you remember about the event."

Linton's and Barsalou's studies of autobiographical memories suggested that:

people often summarize two or more events of the same type into one recollection.

Eyewitness memory could best be described as ______.

Malleable

Barsalou (1988) found that participants were much more likely to ______ events than to have ______ recollections.

 

summarize; specific

Studies of eyewitness memory have shown that eyewitness memory is prone to error based on ______.

Questioning after the event

The results of Bartlett's (1932) study showed that participants' memories of The War of the Ghosts generally shifted toward ______.

a decline in forgetting

b. complete accuracy

c. forgetting all of the details

d. the participants' own culture

d. the participants' own culture

Studies of flashbulb memory indicate that:

flashbulb memories are no more accurate than memories for more mundane life events.

According to Neisser (1982), which of the following is necessary for adequately understanding the nature of memory processes?

a. studying memory for events of historical significance

b. all of these

c. studying memory for planning everyday events

d. studying memory of past experiences

b. all of these

Weaver's study comparing memories of a mundane event (meeting a roommate or friend) with a "flashbulb" event (the beginning of the Persian Gulf War) showed that:

both types of memories dropped off most during the first 3 months following the event.

Studies of eyewitness memory:

support Bartlett's idea of memory as a constructive process.

Brewer's research on autobiographical memory showed that:

participants showed very good overall retention for autobiographical events, even randomly selected ones.

Bartlett's (1932) studies used a method known as ______ in which participants were asked to recall information on more than one occasion.

serial reproduction

Bartlett argued that long-term memory was ______.

Constructed

Bartlett's research on the retelling of stories shows that over time, the same person's recall:

a. is remarkably consistent.

b. becomes increasingly uncertain, but loses little in accuracy.

c. becomes more distorted.

d. loses a few details but retains most accurately.

e. actually improves.

c. becomes more distorted.

In the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm, participants are presented with lists of related words such as nap, bed, quiet, dark, dream, pillow, and night. Later, about _____ of college student participants falsely recognize related items such as sleep, which were never actually presented, as being part of the list.

80%

According to Neisser (1982), laboratory studies of memory are useful for understanding how memory works in ______.

the laboratory

Bransford and Franks asked participants to read sentences derived from four basic sentences: "The ants were in the kitchen," "The jelly was on the table," "The jelly was sweet," and "The ants ate the jelly." Participants saw two of the simple sentences, and several combinations of two or three of the simple sentences. On a later recognition test, participants were most confident in "remembering" having seen:

"The ants in the kitchen ate the sweet jelly on the table." (never actually presented)

Research on false memory creations suggests that about ______ of participants report "memories" of suggested events that never really occurred.

25%

Autobiographical memory refers to ______.

memories that the rememberer has been a part of

Hirst and colleagues? study of flashbulb memories for the events of September 11 showed that participants' ______ fell while ______ remained high.

memory; confidence

Contrary to the predictions of hierarchical models, Rips, Shoben, and Smith have found that people can verify the statement "A pig is an animal":

a. faster than "A pig is actually very clean."

b. faster than "A dog is an animal."

c. faster than "A dog is a bird."

d. faster than "A pig is a bird."

e. faster than "A pig is a mammal."

e. faster than "A pig is a mammal."

According to research by Collins and Quillian, the statement "Siamese cats have blue eyes" will be verified:

faster than "Siamese cats give birth to live young."

According to Anderson, procedural memory represents information as:

production rules

Which of the following would NOT be likely to be a part of your "restaurant" script?

a. picking up your fork

b. waiting for a table

c. eating your salad

d. giving your order to a waiter

e. paying the bill

a. picking up your fork

Studies of semantic memory have shown that in a lexical decision task, people are faster at responding to the stimulus "bread" if it is paired with a stimulus such as:

butter

Which of the following factors does NOT encourage a person to store information about particular exemplars, according to Brooks?

a. instances appear repeatedly during the learning situation.

b. The relevant dimensions of the stimuli are not obvious.

c. The task requires one to learn information that distinguishes between individual instances.

d. Instances can belong to many categories simultaneously.

e. We know in advance how we will be called upon to use our newly acquired information later.

e. We know in advance how we will be called upon to use our newly acquired information later.

Which of the following is NOT one of the memory systems postulated by ACT?

a. semantic memory

b. working memory

c. procedural memory

d. declarative memory

a. semantic memory

The word superiority effect is related to the idea of:

spreading activation

The ______ view of concepts argues that a person uses his/her theories about the way the world works to justify the classification of instances in the same category.

knowledge based

If information from a story is presented in scrambled order,

a. people actually recall it better than if it had been presented in proper order, because they pay more attention to it.

b. people cannot recall any of the details of the story.

c. we cannot predict how much will be recalled, or in what order.

d. people tend to recall it in the scripted order.

e. people recall just as much information as if it had been presented in proper order.

d.people tend to recall it in the scripted order.

Studies of concept usage have shown all of the following EXCEPT:

a. Highly typical instances of a category lead to better semantic priming than atypical instances.

b. Most people are unable to generate lists of features that are necessary and sufficient to specify category membership.

c. Subjects are more likely to list typical instances than atypical instances when asked to list instances of a concept.

d. People judge different members of a category to vary in "goodness."

e. There is high agreement between subjects on judgments such as "Do BOOKENDS belong to the category FURNITURE?"

e. There is high agreement between subjects on judgments such as "Do BOOKENDS belong to the category FURNITURE?"

The _____ view(s) of concepts argue(s) that concepts include representations of at least some individual instances and not only abstract summaries.

exemplar and schemata

Initially, the connections between units in a connectionist model have weights that are set:

at random

Which of the following approaches would definitely NOT be characterized as a similarity-based approach to conceptual structure?

a. prototype

b. schema

c. exemplar

d. knowledge-based

e. classical

d. knowledge-based

Which of the following is true regarding schemata?

a. Schemata are passive rather than active.

b. Schemata can indicate relationships among various pieces of information.

c. A schema contains only fixed parts, never variables.

d. A schema refers to something smaller and more specific than a concept.

e. Schemata exist only at a specific level of abstraction.

b. Schemata can indicate relationships among various pieces of information.

"Characteristic features" and "family resemblance" are important aspects of the _________ view of concepts.

prototype

According to the ______ view of concepts, people categorize new instances by comparing them to representations of previously stored instances.

exemplar

According to the notion of cognitive economy, a characteristic like "has wings" would be stored along with which of the following semantic memory nodes?

a. robin

b. ostrich

c. all of these

d. bird

 e. hummingbird

d. bird

ACT models distinguish among three types of memory systems:

working memory, declarative memory, and procedural memory

When participants in an experiment were asked to imagine a letter and mentally move clockwise around the letter's corners:

they could respond more quickly in verbal form than by pointing.

Paivio's ____ hypothesis argues that long-term memory contains two separate systems that represent information in verbal and visual forms, respectively.

dual code

Which of the following studies is least susceptible to demand characteristics?

a. mental rotation

b. PET scan studies

c. mnemonic usage

d. size judgments

e. image scanning

b. PET scan studies

Which is NOT one of Finke's principles of visual imagery?

a. spatial equivalence

b. temporal equivalence

c. perceptual equivalence

d. structural equivalence

 e. transformational equivalence

b. temporal equivalence

The relational-organizational hypothesis is supported by:

the fact that noninteractive images do not facilitate recall whereas interactive images do facilitate recall.

Neuropsychological studies indicate that processing mental images activates:

a. unique areas of the brain, not involved in ordinary sensory perception.

b. areas of the brain involved in visual perception.

c. areas of the brain involved in auditory perception.

 d. both areas of the brain involved in verbal memory and unique areas not involved in ordinary sensory perception.

e. areas of the brain involved in verbal memory.

b. areas of the brain involved in visual perception.

According to Barbara Tversky, there are three types of "space" that result in different types of spatial cognition: space of the body, space around the body, and:

space of navigation

Forming a visual image and then moving from one location on the image to another is known as:

immaginal scanning

Images can prime the visual pathway, making it easier to detect a faint stimulus. This is an example of:

a. perceptual equivalence.

b. spatial equivalence.

c. implicit encoding.

d. transformational equivalence.

e. structural equivalence.

a. perceptual equivalence.

The temporal lobes would be most active when you:

a. visualize the Mona Lisa.

b. imagine the taste of your favorite food.

c. imagine listening to your favorite song.

d. think about a sad event.

e. form a mental map of your campus.

c. imagine listening to your favorite song.

The results from the studies of Kosslyn, Ball, and Reiser indicated that:

(island map study)

subjects' reaction times to mentally "scan" across a map of an island were strongly correlated with the distance scanned.

Cooper's studies of the mental rotation of complex polygons indicated that:

a. people took longer to rotate more complex polygons.

b. people rotated more complex polygons in the same amount of time as simpler polygons.

c. people's performance in mental rotation did not deteriorate until the complexity of the polygon reached 16 points or more.

d. people were unable to mentally rotate a polygon with greater than 10 points with more than chance accuracy.

e. people actually took less time to rotate more complex polygons.

b. people rotated more complex polygons in the same amount of time as simpler polygons.

When comparing people's speed at reasoning with abstract concepts (smarter- dumber), spatial concepts (above-below), and visual relationships (cleaner-dirtier), Knauff and Johnson-Laird found that ______ relationships had the slowest performance.

visual

Based on neuropsychological studies, your occipital lobe would be activated when you:

perform a mental rotation task.

Behaviorists objected to the study of visual imagery because:

a. behaviorists prefer to study animals and animals have no imagery abilities.

b. we can only study visual imagery and not auditory images, olfactory images, etc.

c. imagery has no practical value.

d. it cannot be investigated with sufficient scientific control.

 e. there are too many individual differences in people's abilities to visualize.

d. it cannot be investigated with sufficient scientific control.

The dual coding hypothesis states that recall will be best when items are coded:

a. with two distinct verbal labels.

b. with two distinct visual images.

c. both visually and verbally.

d. visually.

e. verbally.

c. both visually and verbally.

How do people represent and navigate in and through space? This is a question of

spatial cognition

Both blind and sighted participants take longer to "scan" the visual image of a map when the actual distance between two landmarks is greater. This illustrates the idea of:

a. perceptual equivalence.

b. implicit encoding.

c. spatial equivalence.

d. transformational equivalence.

e. structural equivalence.

c. spatial equivalence.

When an experimenter gives subtle cues to participants about how to behave, we say that a(n) ______ has occurred.

experimenter-expectancy effect

Knowledge of where your feet are located right now is part of your cognition of the:

space of the body

When the experimental task itself "cues" the subject about how to behave, the task is said to have:

a. demand characteristics.

b. transformational equivalence.

c. implicit encoding.

d. picture metaphors.

 e. internal validity.

a. demand characteristics.

Several mnemonic devices, including the method of loci, the pegword method, and the method of interacting images, have in common their reliance on:

a. creating a story.

b. visual imagery.

c. verbal rehearsal.

d. connecting new information to well-known information.

e. use of rhyme.

b. visual imagery.

Which of the following is NOT one of Finke's principles describing the fundamental nature and properties of visual images?

a. The spatial arrangement of parts of a mental image corresponds to the way parts of the actual physical objects are arranged.

b. Mental imagery uses several of the same internal processes as visual perception.

c. Images contain only information that has been intentionally stored.

d. The structure of mental images corresponds to the structure of the actual, perceived objects in the real world.

e. Transformations of visual images obey the same laws of motion as transformations of actual physical objects.

c. Images contain only information that has been intentionally stored.

Which of the following is true?

a. Phonemes are units of language sounds that carry meaning

b. Phonemes are units of language sounds that affect meaning

b. Phonemes are units of language sounds that affect meaning

Consider the morpheme combination ‘construct’ + ‘ion’ -->  ‘construction’.  Which of the following is correct?

a‘construct’ is a bound morpheme and ‘-ion’ is a free morpheme

b construct’ and ‘construction’ are bound morphemes and ‘-ion’ is a free morpheme

c. ‘construct’ is a word and a free morpheme, ‘construction’ is a word but not a single free morpheme, and ‘-ion’ is a bound morpheme

c. ‘construct’ is a word and a free morpheme, ‘construction’ is a word but not a single free morpheme, and ‘-ion’ is a bound morpheme