PLTW Medical Interventions- 4.1 Review

Amino Acid

The subunit of a protein

Ampicillin

A penicillin that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria

Chromatography

A process in which a chemical mixture carried by a liquid or gas is separated into components as a result of differential distribution of the solutes as they flow around or over a stationary liquid or solid phase

Column chromatography

Chromatography in which the substances to be separated are introduced onto the top of a column packed with an adsorbent (as silica gel or alumina), pass through the column at different rates that depend on the affinity of each substance for the adsorbent and for the solvent or solvent mixture, and are usually collected in solution as they pass from the column at different times

Gel Electrophoresis

The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electric field in a gel

Genetic engineering

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

Hydrophilic

Having an affinity for water; proteins fold outwards

Hydrophobic

Having an aversion to water; proteins fold inwards

Insulin

A regulatory protein that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues

Plasmid

A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome

Polyacrylamide

A polymer used as a gel material in vertical electrophoresis; used to separate smaller molecules, like proteins or very small pieces of DNA or RNA

Recombinant DNA

A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources

Transformation

The uptake and expression of foreign DNA by a cell

Transformation Efficiency

A measure of how well cells are transformed to a new phenotype

What is measured in a Protein Gel Electrophoresis?

The weight of the protein in Daltons

What type of gel is used in Protein Electrophoresis?

Polyacrylamide Gel

What does SDS-PAGE stand for?

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate PolyAcrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

What is the purpose of SDS-PAGE?

To separate proteins based on their primary structure or size but not amino acid sequence

What does SDS do?

SDS is a detergent that can dissolve hydrophobic molecules but also has a negative charge attached to it. It also denatures all proteins to the same linear shape.

All amino acids have what two alkaline groups?

Amino group and Carboxyl group

What are the bonds between amino acids and how are they formed and/or broken?

Peptide bonds- formed by condensation and broken by hydrolysis

Primary Structure of Proteins

Sequence of amino acids and where peptide bonds form

Secondary Structure of Proteins

Folding of the amino acids into either alpha helix's or beta pleated sheets

Alpha Helix

Repeated spiral form of amino acid folding

Beta Pleated Sheets

Series of zig-zags of amino acid folding

Tertiary Structure of Proteins

Secondary spirals of the protein chain further fold up on themselves; disulfide bridges between carboxylic and amino groups form; hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules fold

Quaternary Structure of Proteins

Final adjustments to the molecule before it can become active

Hemoglobin

a transport protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs

Collagen

a structural protein found in the bones, muscles, skin and tendons, where it forms a scaffold to provide strength and structure

Which transformation procedure creates the thermal gradient that causes contraction of the cellular membranes?

ice

Which transformation procedure helps the cell recover from the chemical and thermal shocking?

Incubation with nutrient broth

Which transformation procedure expands the cell increasing the cell membrane permeability?

Heating the cell

Lysozyme breaks down what structure?

Cell Wall

Why was there no growth on the LB amp - PGLO agar plate?

the plasmid was not present

The final stage of protein folding for one subunit molecule is

tertiary