HC 11: Viral ecology

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Last updated 7:57 PM on 6/17/26
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6 Terms

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What is a virus?

They are obligate intracellular micro-parasites

  • Don’t have mobile genetic elements

  • Hereditary material

  • Capsid, membrane

Genomes can be RNA or DNA, double or single stranded, circular or linear, one or more segments

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Genome type vs. host range

Bacteriophages are typically dsDNA.

Plant viruses, these are mostly +ssRNA.

  • So there is kind of a relationship between the type of genetic material and their hosts, but its not 100% determined.

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virus evolution

evolutiepatronen verschilt met andere organisme door

o   grote populaties (in één gastheer) à kans op (gunstige) mutaties is extreem groot à snelle evolutie

o   hoge mutatie- en recombinatiesnelheid: vooral RNA-virussen muteren snel omdat hun enzymen (RNA-afhankelijke RNA-polymerasen) geen foutcorrectie hebben

o   Epistasis: Het effect van mutaties kan elkaar versterken of veranderen wanneer ze samen voorkomen

o   Bottlenecks: Infecties beginnen vaak bij slechts één deeltje. nauwe bottlenecks kunnen populaties zuiveren van defecte varianten (doordat deze zichzelf niet kunnen vermenigvuldigen)

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Why bottlenecks matter

  • Bottlenecks help “clean up” a viral population because they remove most of the genetic variation, including many harmful or useless mutations.

  • When only a tiny number of viruses pass through a bottleneck, only the genomes in those few particles survive.

  • This can accidentally wipe out lots of damaging mutations that were dragging the population down.

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Ecosystems: carbon cycle

When phages infect and burst bacteria, they release carbon-rich cell contents into the environment. Instead of moving up the food chain, this carbon stays in the microbial loop.

  • By controlling which bacteria thrive, phages indirectly shape how much carbon is fixed, respired, or locked away in biomass

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lysis vs lysogenie: bescherming

Sommige virussen scheiden signaalmoleculen uit. Bij een hoge concentratie van deze moleculen "weet" het virus dat er al veel infecties zijn en kiest het voor lysogenie om de gastheerpopulatie niet volledig uit te roeien