chapter 10 : psychosocial development in middle childhood

neo-piagetian or representational systems

broad, inclusive self-concepts that integrate different aspects of the self; global self worth

"i am really smart in math, but i'm having troubles in english"

self-esteem

this is erikson's crisis of industry vs. inferiority

the virtue of competence

- successful resolution of crisis
- seeing the self as able to master skills and complete tasks

age 7 or 8

the age where:

- children are aware of feeling shame, guilt and pride
- aware of culture's rules for expressing emotion
- emotional self-regulation

coregulation

parent and child share power

parent

general supervision

child

self-regulation

inductive technique in discipline

point out actions to a child

"hitting jermaine hurts him and makes him feel bad"

- internalizing behaviors (anxiety, fearfulness and depression)
- externalizing behaviors (aggressiveness, fighting, disobedience and hostility)

children exposed to parental discord had high levels of?

70%

In 2005, ___ of US mothers with children under 18 were in the workforce

- part or full time
- why she works
- support of partner
- SES
- type of care before and after school

impact of mother's work depends on?

mother

who usually gets custody of the child during a divorce?

joint custody

- custody shared by both parents
- beneficial, if parents can cooperate

joint legal custody

parents share the rights to make decisions about child's welfare

joint physical custody

child lives part time with each parent

cohabiting families

similar to two-parent, but tend to be more disadvantaged (less income, education, and more mental health problems)

stepfamilies

- stressful adjustment
- child's loyalty to an absent parent may interfere with bonding to stepparent
- findings on the impact of remarriage on children are mixed

9 million

amount of children who have at least one homosexual parent

60%

____ of adoptions are by stepparents or relatives, usually grandparents

open adoptions

parties share information or have direct contact with the child

special challenges of adoptive families

- integrating child into the family
- decisions about contacting biological parents
- foreign adoption do not appear to entail any more problems than domestic adoptions

positive effects of peer relationships

- develop sociability and intimacy skills
- learn leadership and communication skills
- gain a sense of belonging

negative effects of peer relationships

- cliques
- reinforce prejudice
- foster antisocial tendencies; pressure to conform

bullying

aggression deliberately directed against a particular target (usually weak, vulnerable, and defenseless)

kindergarten

when is bullying established?

middle school

when does bullying increase then decline?

overt aggression

bullying used by boys

relational aggression

bullying used by girls

hurried child

a.k.a as the "today's child". they are exposed to adult problems, like violence on TV and in real life

resilient child

children who maintain composure under challenge or threat, and they "bounce back" from trauma