Gov matching

Marbury v. Madison (1803) clause

Judicial Review

Marbury v. Madison (1803) reasoning

Established the principle of judicial review. Empowered the Supreme Court to nullify an act of the legislative or executive branch that violates the Constitution

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) clause

Necessary and Proper Clause, Supremacy Clause

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) reasoning

Used the Supremacy Clause to affirm the supremacy of the federal government and the US Constitution over the states and state laws

United States v. Lopez (1995) clause

Commerce Clause

United States v. Lopez (1995) reasoning

Congress may not use the Commerce Clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime

Engel v. Vitale (1962) clause

Establishment Clause

Engel v. Vitale (1962) reasoning

Public school sponsorship of religious activities violates the Establishment Clause of the 1st Amendment

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) clause

Free Exercise Clause

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) reasoning

Compelling Amish students to attend school past the eighth grade violates the Free Exercise Clause of the 1st Amendment

Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969) clause

Free Speech Clause

Tinker v. Des Moines School District (1969) reasoning

Public school students have the right to wear black armbands in school to protest the Vietnam War since doing so did not disrupt the educational process

New York Times v. United States (1971) clause

Freedom of the Press

New York Times v. United States (1971) reasoning

Ensures Freedom of Press Clause of the 1st Amendment by limiting prior restraint except in most extreme cases of national security

Schenck v. US (1919) clause

Free Speech Clause

Schenck v. US (1919) reasoning

Speech creating a “clear and present danger” is not protected by the First Amendment

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) clause

Right to Counsel

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) reasoning

Ruled that the 6th Amendment’s right to counsel is incorporated to the states via the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment and guaranteed the right to counsel for the poor or indigent

McDonald v. Chicago (2010) clause

RIght to Bear Arms

McDonald v. Chicago (2010) reasoning

The 2nd Amendment prevents states from limiting gun ownership for self-protection, incorporated to the states via the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) clause

Equal Protection Clause

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) reasoning

ace-based school segregation violates the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment - overturned Plessy v. Ferguson’s separate but equal doctrine

Baker v. Carr (1961) clause

Equal Protection Clause

Baker v. Carr (1961) reasoning

Opened the door to equal protection challenges to redistricting and the development of the “one person, one vote” doctrine. Ruled that challenges to redistricting did not raise “political questions” that would prevent  federal courts from reviewing such challenges.

Shaw v. Reno (1993) clause

Equal Protection Clause

Shaw v. Reno (1993) reasoning

Redistricting plans that cannot rationally be understood as anything other than an effort to divide voters based on their race can be challenged under the Equal Protection Clause.

Citizen United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) clause

Free Speech Clause

Citizen United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) reasoning

Political spending by corporations, associations, and labor unions is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment

Federalist No. 10

factions

Federalist No. 51

 checks and balances

Federalist No. 70

powerful president

Federalist No. 78

 judicial review/courts are the least threatening

Brutus No. 1

small federal government where states have most power

Articles of Confederation

 focus on weaknesses: no ability to tax, no president, no national currency, difficult to pass laws/amendments, no national courts

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

civil disobedience can produce change