brain and behavior

a drug that mimics or amplifies the effect of a neurotransmitter is called a __

agonist

withdrawal symptoms produced by abstaining from a drug are __

often opposite to the drugs effects

cocaine blocks reuptake of __ at the synapses, producing stimulant effects

serotonin and dopamine

lowered brain activity in the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex is called __

hypofrontality

which of the following statements is true of the major drug reward system in the brain?

it is located in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system

which of the following is true about drug addiction treatment?

a major difficulty for treating addiction is comorbidity with mental and emotional disorders

why did eliza overdose?

she had administered the drug in a novel environment

drive theory mostly explains which type of behavior?

physical needs such as hunger or thirst

in. homeostasis, a __ is the set point

level of equilibrium to which the system strives to return

what signals from the body stimulate hypovolemic thirst

neurons whose firing rate increases as their cell volume decreases

learned taste aversion is when an organism __

avoids specific tastes that have been associated with illness

most of digestion occurs in the __

duodenum

the hormone most closely associated with increased eating is __

ghrelin

what is the difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

anorexia nervosa includes excessive caloric restriction, while bulimia nervosa is limited to binge/purge cycles

when you feel full after a meal, you stop eating because ___

stretch receptors in the stomach send a message to the brain

which taste receptor is most likely to be activated when you eat a cheese pizza with tomato sauce

salty

victor was competing in a food eating contest. ate 9 scoops, felt ill, but then had salt and was able to eat more. why?

sensory specific satiety

primary characteristic of the eating disorder pica?

consuming non nutritive food substances for at least one month

pica is most commonly observed in which of the following populations?

young children and pregnant women

while jack knew he was hungry, his ___ was deciding what he was hungry for by monitoring his body’s nutrient condition

arcuate nucleus

what is the average age of onset for schizophrenia in men

in late puberty or right after puberty, in late teens or early twenties

the idea that genes may predispose a person toward schizophrenia but the environmnet contributes as well is called the __ model

vulnerability

which side effect of traditional antipsychotics was originally taken as a sign that the dosage was at an appropriate level

tardive dyskinesia

in the wisconsin card sorting task, what part of the task do people with schizophrenia often find difficult

changing sorting strategy

which adoptee would be most likely to develop schizophrenia

an adopted child whose identical twin, raised apart, was diagnosed with schizophrenia

which of the following disorders is not directly related to OCD?

post traumatic stress disorder

which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with mood regulation and affective disorders

serotonin

which of the following is classified as an affective disorder?

bipolar disorder, major depression disorder

hypomania differs from mania in that it___

is less severe and may not cause significant harm

people with major depressive disorder often show increased activity in which brain structure?

amygdala

explain the difference between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. be sure to include examples of each to demonstrate understanding

Positive symptoms are symptoms that are present, but shouldn’t be, like hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech/behavior. (for instance, a person hearing voices is experiencing a pos symptom)

negative symptoms are the loss of normal behaviors. This includes reduced emotional expression or speech output. also the inability to feel pleasure or lack of motivation. — ‘missing’ abilities

explain the differences in withdrawal symptoms for three major drugs of abuse. you may select whatever drugs you like, but you may pick only one per class of drug (ie stimulants, opiods, depressants, hallucinogens, cannabis)

compare and contrast the drive, incentive, and arousal theories of motivation

Drive theory focuses on internal needs in order for the body to maintain homeostasis; when balance is disrupted (for instance, with hunger or thirst), a drive is created. Then, a behavior occurs to reduce that drive and restore equilibrium (for instance, eating when you’re hungry to return to balance)

incentive theory focuses on external stimuli; the behavior is driven by rewards or incentives in the environment (for instance, eating dessert even if you’re not hungry because it looks good)

arousal theory focuses on maintaining an optimal level of alertness (for instance, if you are bored, you seek excitement; if you are overstimulated, you seek relaxation)