world history ll midterm (juliets)

Renaissance

A sustained period of renewed interest and development in classical learning, art, literature, and science during the 14-16th century in Western Europe.

Leonardo DaVinci

Italian artist known for painting the Last Supper and the Mona Lisa, employing the sfumato technique.

Secular Paintings

Artworks that depict non-religious subjects.

Sfumato

A shadowing technique used by Da Vinci that creates a blurred effect, making expressions ambiguous.

Fresco

A technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid wet plaster.

Vernacular

The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular region.

Johannes Gutenberg

German inventor known for developing the printing press; he printed the Gutenberg Bible.

Perspective

Artistic techniques that create the illusion of depth on a flat surface.

Michelangelo

Italian artist recognized for his sculptures like Pieta and David.

Hans Holbein

Northern European Renaissance artist famous for painting The Ambassadors.

Anamorphism

An extreme perspective in art that often leads to visually distorted images.

Martin Luther

Theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses, opposing Catholic Church practices.

Edict of Worms

A decree that declared Martin Luther an outlaw and condemned his writings.

Indulgences

A practice in the Catholic Church that involved selling remission from sins.

John Calvin

A French theologian who developed Calvinism and believed in predestination.

Predestination

The belief that God has already determined who will be saved and who will not.

Henry VIII

King of England who created the Church of England to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon.

Council of Trent

A major event in the Catholic Reformation that addressed church reforms and abolished indulgences.

Jesuits

A religious order of the Catholic Church known for education and missionary work.

Thirty Years War

A European conflict between Catholic and Protestant states lasting from 1618 to 1648.

Treaty of Westphalia

Peace treaties that ended the Thirty Years War, granting rulers the right to choose their own religion.

Defenestration of Prague

A pivotal event in which Protestant nobles threw Catholic officials out a window, escalating tensions in the Thirty Years War.

Church of England

The national church created by Henry VIII after his split from the Catholic Church.

Anne Boleyn

The second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I, executed for treason.

'Bloody' Mary

The daughter of Henry VIII who sought to restore Catholicism and persecuted Protestants.

The Gutenberg Bible

The first major book printed using movable type, marking the start of the printing revolution.

Causes of the Renaissance

Factors include the fall of Constantinople and the revival of trade leading to renewed interest in classical learning.

Effects of the Renaissance

Increased use of humanism and the popularity of classics and literature from Ancient Greece.

Scientific Revolution

A period that introduced new scientific ideas, encouraging a questioning of the natural world.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition.

Social Contract

A theory that individuals consent to form a government to protect their rights.

Montesquieu

An Enlightenment writer who advocated for separation of powers in government.

Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances

A system of governance where powers are divided among branches to prevent abuse.

Mary Wollstonecraft

An advocate for women's rights and education during the Enlightenment.

Philosophe

Enlightenment thinkers who contributed to social and political ideas.

Atlantic Revolutions

A series of revolutions in the Americas and Europe inspired by Enlightenment ideals.

Declaration of Independence

A revolutionary document declaring the rights of individuals and independence from British rule.

Robespierre

A radical leader during the French Revolution known for his role in the Reign of Terror.

Committee of Public Safety

A political group during the French Revolution that managed the war effort and executed opposition.

Causes of the French Revolution

Political oppression, economic hardship, and Enlightenment ideas led to revolutionary sentiments.

Effects of French Revolution

Abolition of feudal privileges, Declaration of the Rights of Man, and execution of the monarchy.

Saint Domingue

The French colony that became the first independent nation in Latin America, known today as Haiti.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution who sought independence from French colonial rule.

Napoleon

French military leader who rose to power during the French Revolution and became emperor.

Nationalism

A strong patriotic feeling or pride in one's nation.

19th Century Liberalism

Political ideology advocating for civil rights, constitutional government, and economic changes.