world history ll midterm (juliets)

Renaissance

REBIRTH, a sustained period of renewed interest and development in the classical learning of the past, i.e. art, literature, science, and learning 14-16TH CENTURY, western Europe, transition between medieval and modern Europe

Leonardo DaVinci

Italian artist, painted the last supper (religious-fresco), and the Mona Lisa (secular-sfumato)

Secular Paintings

non religious

Sfumato

shadowing technique Da Vinci made so you can't tell if she's smiling

Fresco

painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints

Vernacular

the language of everyday speech in a particular region

Johannes Gutenberg

from Mainz, Germany, developed a printer. Took a decade but eventually he printed the Gutenberg Bible.

Perspective

artistic techniques used to give the effect of 3D depth to 2D surfaces

Michelangelo

Italian Artist, made sculptures, - pieta (religious), and David (religious)

Hans Holbein

Northern European Renaissance, painted the Ambassadors (on oak / portrait) Used Anamorphism

Anamorphism

extreme perspective

Martin Luther

believed through faith alone you'll be saved (not what Catholics believed), he was against corruption of wealth, land dominance, and indulgences (all catholic church qualities), Local German church accepted his ideas + Lutheranism formed, wrote the 95 thesis - 95 complaints about the catholic church written in Latin so only the Pope could read it, got put on trial

Martin Luther Trial

Pope orders ML to give up beliefs, ML burned the order and was excommunicated, Edict of Worms is issued - declared ML an outlaw + condemned his writings, people had to choose either ML or Pope, Luther goes into hiding w the Germans, Luther translates whole bible from Latin to vernacular, Germans chose ML instead of Pope and Lutheranism forms, Rise of the Church of England

Edict of Worms

declared ML an outlaw and condemned all of his writings

Indulgences

sale of saving your soul from purgatory (Catholic Church)

John Calvin

Switzerland, believed in predestination, very strict, made Calvinism

Predestination

the belief that God has chosen who will go to heaven and purgatory

Henry VIII

6 wives, argues to have his marriage annulled, pope says no, he creates his own church by calling the Reformation Parliament, parliament passes and passes the Act of Supremacy

Council of Trent

abolished the sale of indulgences, curbed the corruption of priests/training of priests, curbed financial abuses, the pope is the head of the church and is the only one who can interoperate the bible

Jesuits

most successful at stopping the spread of Protestantism, dedicated to education and started a lot of schools to help spread Catholicism

Thirty Years War

began as a conflict between Catholic states and Protestant states in Europe, most devastating war in Europe, almost every European state was involved, ended with the treaty of Westphalia HOW DID IT START: Catholics wanted to covert the Protestants and claim their land, protestants throw them out the window (Defenestration of Prague)

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic

Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits

Defenestration of Prague

protestants throw Catholics out the window, starting the thirty years war

Church of England

created by Henry VIII in order to annul his marriage with Catherine

Anne Boleyn

(beheaded)
the second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I

"Bloody" Mary

Parents = Henry VIII + Catherine of Aragon, catholic becomes ruler, kills all protestants

The Gutenberg Bible

the earliest printed book in Europe

Causes of the Renaissance

Fall of constantinople, renewed interests of the people due to trade

Effects of the Renaissance

the use of humanism; for example, the study of classics and literature in Ancient Greece was made more popular

Why did the Renaissance happened in Italy first

They survived the middle ages and the plauge, became key traders between Byxantium & the Islamic Empires and Europe

What caused the Protestant Reformation?

Its rise was influenced by currents of nationalism, mercantilism, anticlericalism, and opposition to vested property interests in the hands of the church that had begun in the late fourteenth century.

What were the effects of the Protestant Reformation?

Lutheranism is formed, printing press becomes more popular,

How did the Protestant Reformation affect European society?

In England they switched the entire church and became protestant, divide between Catholics and Protestants (cause wars and revolts), mass production of the Bible in Vernacular (printing press)

Why did Henry VIII break with the church, what was the effect?

He wanted to annul his marriage w Catherine but since the church wouldn't let him, he made his own church which resulted in the creation of the Church of England + the rise of Protestantism in England

What prejudices against women and Jewish people were present in European society at this time (reformation)?

Wanted Jews to convert, and if they didn't, he would move them to ghettos. Women were wanted to be involved in the church but with limited rights.

What are the long term effects of the Jesuits?

What were the three key elements of the Catholic Reformation and why were they so important?

Reform the papacy, council of Trent: abolished indulgences, stated they need faith , Jesuits

What is the 30 years' war, what was the peace treaty they agreed to, and what is it's legacy?

It was a war started between catholic and protestant states in Europe, it ended with the Treaty of Westphalia.

"God, Gold, Glory"

key motives for European expansion, indigenous people must convert to the Catholic Faith

Caravel

a small, fast, maneuverable ship that had a large cargo hold and usually 3 masts with lateen sails

Lateen Sails

taken from Arab designs which allowed it to sail against the wind

Astrolabe

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

Compass

helped people determine where they were (NSEW) using magnetic fields

Wind Patterns

trade winds = south
->west, westerlies = west
->east

Henry the Navigator

prince who sponsored Portuguese fleets that started probing the southward along the west coast of Africa

Christopher Columbus

thought he could reach Asia by sailing west instead of East & found America

Ferdinand Magellan

explorer funded by Spain, first person to completely sail around the world, set sail from Spain to find sea passages through the Americas but ended up passing through a waterway in the Pacific Ocean, later reached the Philippines and was killed

Conquistadors

a leader in the Spanish conquest of the Americas

Aztecs

Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico . They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.

Tenochtitlan

capital of Aztec empire (now called Mexico City)

Hernan Cortez

commander of Spanish army, helped conquer the Aztecs

Montezuma 2

Aztec monarch who was held hostage

Small Pox

European disease that killed many Aztecs , also carried to America by the Spaniards

Inca

the Andes of South America, ruled by indigenous people, Spaniards tried to conquer, Incas emperor dies & both sons tried to take the throne, started a civil war, one son dies, the other (new emperor) was captured by the Spaniards & Lima became a new colony of the Spanish Empire

Pizzaro

Like cortez, he helped the Spanish conquer the Aztecs

Atahualpa

the "new" Inca emperor that Pizzaro executed

La Malinche

She was the interpreter for Cortes. She helped the Spanish make their way into Tenochtitlan.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

joint-stock company

business where stocks can be bought & owned by share owners

Merchantillism

believed the prosperity of a country depended on the amount of gold or silver they had

Subsides

payment made to support enterprises a government thinks are beneficial

Tariffs

taxes put on foreign goods to keep the balance of trade favorable

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Cash Crops

crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit

sugar

one of the main cash-crops in the triangle trade; has the biggest effect

Plantations

large agricultural estate

Potatoes

exchange of this crop doubles AfroEurasia population

corn

one of the crops with the biggest effects on trade

Llamas

Incas used these animals to transport stuff

Triangle Trade

connected Europe, Africa, & America (Europeans gave guns & booze to Africa, Africa gave Europe slaves, Europe gave America slaves, America gave Europe crops)

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Benin

a kingdom that arose near the Niger River delta in the 1300s and became a major West African state in the 1400s

Queen Nzinga of Ndongo

reigned 1623-1663; led resistance against Portuguese, led troops in battle, dressed as male, allied w/ Dutch mariners, successfully controlled Portuguese expansion; when she died, less resistance → Angola=first European colony

Maroon Societies

communities of runaway slaves, survival of african traditions such as house designs, community organizations and language in caribbean

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Mulattoes

People of African and European descent

Encomienda System

It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity

Mita

Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

Viceroy

a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch

Divine Right

the idea that absolute rulers believed in that they were chosen from god to rule

Westernization

becoming more modern

Boyars

Russian nobles

Peter The Great

leader of Russia who was considered and absolute ruler

Beard Tax

A tax on those men in Russian who wore beards by Peter the Great as a method of Westernizing Russia. Those who had beards were required to carry a token stating that they had paid their beard tax.

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire

Fredrick the Great

King of Prussia who used the military to strengthen the nation's power

Queen Elizabeth of England

Ruler of England, female, Henry + Anne's daughter, helped the British empire succeed

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

Louis XIV

This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France.

Palace of Versailles

a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles

Levees

Barriers composed of sediments made on either side of a river due to flooding.

Peterhof Palace

Located in St. Petersburg, Russia and was where Peter the Great resided

Saint Petersburg

New capital city constructed by Peter the Great,"window on the West"

Great Northern War

Russia vs. Sweden. Russia had Poland, Denmark and Saxony as allies. Treaty of Nystad is where Russia gained Latvia and Estonia and thus gained its Window on the West in the Baltic Sea

Winter Palace

Catherine the Great in Russia built in St. Peterburg largely on influence of Versailles

Ottomans

Turkish empire based in Anatolia. Arrived in the same wave of Turkish migrations as the Seljuks.

Mehemed II

Ottoman ruler who conquered Constantinople in 1453 and renamed it istanbul

Devshirme System

The practice by which the Ottoman Empire conscripted boys from Christian families (of a conquered people), who were converted to Islam and trained by Janissary soldiers.

Janissaries

Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan

Caliph

A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government

Sultan

rulers who claimed they were at the highest power (above all)

Hagia Sophia

the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian

Basilica Cannon

Mughals

muslim rulers over india, combined Hindu and Muslim, brought India to the peak of its political empire, had a single government with a common culture

Muslim

A follower of Islam

Hindu

a follower of Hinduism

Zamindars

Archaic tax system of the Mughal empire where decentralized lords collected tribute for the emperor.

Taj Mahal

A beautiful tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife.

Ming Dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

Qing Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by the People's Republic. Formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state. Founded in 1644 by the Manchus and ruled China for more than 260 years, until 1912. Expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and Mongolia.

Scientific Revolution

brought up ideas of enlightenment (pre-Atlantic revolutions) , made people question their surroundings because of new inventions

Enlightenment

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

John Locke

Enlightenment philosophe (writer) who wrote about equal rights [FRENCH]

Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Montesquieu

Enlightenment philosophe (writer) who wrote about checks and balances and separation of power [US]

Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances

idea made by Montesquieu that meant the gov would be divided and equal

Mary Wollstonecraft

Enlightenment philosophe (writer) who wrote about women's rights to education

Philosophe

enlightenment thinkers + writers who met at salons to debate their ideas

Salon

where philosophes debated about their ideas and introduced their ideas to society

Atlantic Revolutions

4 revolutions caused by the ideals of enlightenment

Declaration of Independence

life liberty and pursuit of happiness - In the US Constitution, inspired other countries to fight for independence

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Meeting of the Estates General

meeting Louis XIV called to sort out the tax pay system of France
2. 1st, 2nd and 3rd estates - three social classes of France (1st = clergy, 2nd = nobles, 3rd = everyone else)

Old Regime

The Political and Social system that existed in France before the French Revolution

King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

Absolutists, arranged marriage, were hated by society, spent so much money despite the country's debt, ran away to Versailles, were eventually executed

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Reign of Terror

The people in control of who was executed

The storming of the Bastille

French soldiers were sick of Louis XIV and needed weapons in order to fight him so they stormed the Bastille (a French prison) to steal firearms - This day is now celebrated as a French independence day and it called "Bastille Day"

What happened by the end of summer 1789? (France)

Third Estate met alone and declared itself the National Assembly, feudal rights are abolished and they got more rights

Robespierre

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

Committee of Public Safety

Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Gillotine

most common form of French execution, they thought it made everyone equal at their death & it was painless

Causes of the French Revolution

unjust political system, poor harvests leaving farmers with no money for taxes, influence of enlightenment on philosophes

Effects of French Revolution

Declaration of Rights of Men (all men are equal), killing of King Louis XVI, spreading of religion, end of constitutional monarchy, France declares itself a republic

Execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

They were both beheaded

Saint Domingue

Now called Haiti:
a. French colony, richest plantation colony in the world wit about 8,000 plantations that produced 40% of the words sugar and about half its coffee. But France took ALL of their revenue.

Petit Blancs

The little or poor white population of Saint Dominique, which played a significant role in the Haitian Revolution.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Why did Haiti struggle for so long after the revolution?

they were in such debt to france, slavery isnt abolished until 19th century

Causes of Haitian Revolution

wanted independence & to abolish slavery

Effects of Haitian Revolution

independence, debt, shunned

Creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Jose de San Martin

Latin American- led a revolt against the Spanish in Southern Latin America

Simone Bolivar

Latin American revolutionary general who fought Spanish forces + created a short-lived Gran-Columbia between 1819-1830

Why did the US Revolution begin?

Unfair Taxes

Who supported the US Revolution

Spanish+Dutch

Napoleon

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

Nepoleonic Code of 1804

- ended manoval + feudal obligations, freedom of religion, suspects were innocent until proven guilty, equal taxes

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

19th Century Liberalism

- believed that power should be in the hands of the people, inspired by enlightenment, lead to a series of revolutions, also encourages economic changes

Economic Liberalism

- rise of free trade, abolish tariffs