Exam 2 history

Gregory King

An English statistician and demographer known for his work on population estimates and economic projections in the late 17th century.

Assembly of Notables (1787)

Convened by Louis XVI to address financial issues, including representatives from various social classes to reflect economic inequalities.

Louis XVI

King of France (1774-92) who struggled to balance the demands of nobility and common people, leading to dissent.

Estates General

An assembly that represented the three estates of France, marking the need for political reform, called in May 1789.

Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès

Prominent political theorist during the French Revolution known for the influential pamphlet 'What is the Third Estate?'.

National Assembly (1789)

Formed by the Third Estate after being locked out of the Estates General, claiming to be the true representative body.

Oath of the Tennis Court

A pledge by the Third Estate members to not disband until a new constitution was written.

The Bastille Stormed (14 July 1789)

A symbolic act of rebellion, marking the start of the French Revolution and collapse of royal authority.

Declaration of the Rights of Man (27 August 1789)

Fundamental document of the French Revolution declaring universal rights like liberty and property.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 July 1790)

Attempt to reorganize the Catholic Church in France, making clergy civil servants.

Metric System

A measurement system based on powers of ten introduced during the French Revolution for standardization.

Constitution (1791)

Established a constitutional monarchy in France, limiting the king's power and creating a legislative assembly.

National Convention (1792-1795)

Governing body during the radical phase of the French Revolution that abolished the monarchy.

Maximilian Robespierre

Leading figure of the Jacobins and Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror.

Committee of Public Safety

Established to protect the Revolution from enemies, became the de facto government during the Reign of Terror.

Olympe De Gouges

Authored the 'Declaration of the Rights of Women,' advocating for equal rights.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Wrote 'A Vindication of the Rights of Women,' arguing for women's education and equality.

Edmund Burke

Critiqued the French Revolution in 'Reflections on the Revolution in France,' emphasizing tradition.

Tom Paine

Wrote 'The Rights of Man,' defending the French Revolution and advocating for natural rights.

The Reign of Terror

Period of mass executions during the French Revolution, directed by the Committee of Public Safety.

Propagandist Decrees

Decrees issued to promote revolutionary ideals abroad, encouraging other nations to rise against monarchies.

Concordat (1801)

Agreement restoring the Catholic Church’s status in France under state control.

Code Napoleon (1804)

Comprehensive civil laws established by Napoleon, emphasizing legal equality.

Berlin and Milan Decrees

Napoleonic decrees forbidding trade with Great Britain as part of the Continental System.

Continental System

Napoleon's economic policy aiming to weaken Great Britain through a trade embargo.

Thomas Malthus

Argued in 'An Essay on the Principles of Population' that population growth leads to poverty unless restrained.

David Ricardo

Proposed the 'Iron Law of Wages,' stating wages gravitate towards subsistence levels.

Karl Marx

Philosopher and economist who co-authored 'The Communist Manifesto', advocating for proletarian revolution.

Friedrich Engels

Co-author of the 'Communist Manifesto' and advocate for improving working-class conditions.

The Communist Manifesto (1848)

Foundational text outlining class struggle and advocating for a classless society.

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian statesman instrumental at the Congress of Vienna promoting conservative order.

Concert of Europe

System for resolving disputes between major European powers post-Napoleonic Wars.

Adam Smith

Known as the 'Father of Modern Economics' for advocating free markets in 'The Wealth of Nations'.

Jeremy Bentham

Founded utilitarianism, promoting policies for the greatest happiness of the greatest number.

Guiseppe Mazzini

Italian revolutionary advocating for unification and republican government.

Guiseppe Garibaldi

Italian general known for his role in the unification of Italy through military campaigns.

Casper David Friedrich

German Romantic painter known for his allegorical landscapes and solitary figures.

Johann Gottfried Herder

Philosopher influential in Romantic nationalism and the concept of 'Volksgeist'.

Volksgeist

German term for the 'spirit of the people,' central to national identity.

Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm

Philologists known for collecting German fairy tales, contributing to cultural nationalism.

Ludwig van Beethoven

Composer bridging the Classical and Romantic music eras, renowned for his symphonies.

Carlsbad Decrees (1819)

Restrictive laws in the German Confederation aimed at suppressing liberal movements.

Frankfurt Parliament

Attempted liberal assembly in 1848 to unify Germany but failed due to lack of support.

Peterloo Massacre (1819)

Cavalry charge against a peaceful protest for democracy in Manchester, highlighting government brutality.

Sir Robert Peel

Founded the Metropolitan Police and modern Conservative Party in Britain.

Daniel O'Connell

Irish leader who campaigned for Catholic emancipation and repeal of the Act of Union.

Parliamentary Reform Act of 1832

Significant reform act redistributing parliamentary seats and expanding suffrage.

Chartism

Working-class movement for political reform in Britain from 1838-1848, advocating universal male suffrage.

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian statesman who united Germany through wars and diplomacy, becoming its first Chancellor.

Austro-Prussian War (1866)

War resulting in Prussian dominance over German states and exclusion of Austria.

Franco-German War (1870-71)

Conflict leading to German unification under Prussian leadership and the fall of Napoleon III.

Camillo de Cavour

Italian statesman who facilitated Italian unification as the first Prime Minister of Italy.

Piedmont-Sardinia

Kingdom crucial to Italy's unification under King Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour's leadership.

Edwin Chadwick

Reformer known for his report advocating for public health improvements and sanitation.

Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree

Social researcher who defined the 'poverty line' through studies of poverty in York.

Charles Booth

Researcher known for his survey documenting poverty and class structures in London.

Eduard Bernstein

German social democratic theoretician advocating for reform.