Year 10 Spring Assessment - All Topics

Atom

The smallest part of an element that can exist

Element

A substance made of only one type of atom

Compound

Two or more different elements chemically bonded together

Mixture

Two or more substances not chemically bonded

Proton

Positively charged particle in the nucleus

Neutron

Neutral particle in the nucleus

Electron

Negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus

Atomic number

Number of protons in an atom

Mass number

Number of protons + neutrons

Isotope

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

Ion

A charged particle formed by gaining or losing electrons

Ionic bonding

Transfer of electrons between atoms

Covalent bonding

Sharing of electrons between atoms

Metallic bonding

Positive ions in a sea of delocalised electrons

Periodic table

Arrangement of elements by atomic number

Group

Vertical column in periodic table (same properties)

Period

Horizontal row in periodic table

Reactivity

How easily a substance reacts

Energy

Ability to do work

Kinetic energy

Energy of moving objects

Gravitational potential energy

Energy stored due to height

Chemical energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds

Energy transfer

Movement of energy from one place to another

Conduction

Transfer of heat through solids

Convection

Transfer of heat in liquids and gases

Radiation

Transfer of energy via infrared waves

Specific heat capacity

Energy needed to raise temperature of 1kg by 1°C

Power

Rate of energy transfer

Efficiency

Useful energy output ÷ total energy input

Wave

Transfer of energy without transfer of matter

Transverse wave

Vibrations perpendicular to direction of travel

Longitudinal wave

Vibrations parallel to direction of travel

Wavelength

Distance between two identical points on a wave

Frequency

Number of waves per second (Hz)

Amplitude

Maximum displacement from rest

Wave speed

speed = frequency × wavelength

Reflection

Wave bouncing off a surface

Refraction

Change in direction of wave entering different medium

Electromagnetic waves

Waves that transfer energy through space

Chromatography

Method to separate mixtures

Solvent

Liquid that dissolves substances

Solute

Substance that is dissolved

Rf value

Distance moved by substance ÷ distance moved by solvent

Carbon

Element that forms 4 covalent bonds

Hydrocarbon

Compound containing hydrogen and carbon only

Alkane

Saturated hydrocarbon (single bonds)

Alkene

Unsaturated hydrocarbon (double bond)

Combustion

Burning in oxygen

Complete combustion

Produces CO₂ and water

Incomplete combustion

Produces CO or carbon (soot)

Crude oil

Mixture of hydrocarbons

Fractional distillation

Separating crude oil into fractions

Polymer

Large molecule made from repeating units

Monomer

Small molecule that joins to form polymers

Nanoparticles

Extremely small particles (1

Density

mass ÷ volume

Pressure

force ÷ area

States of matter

Solid, liquid, gas

Change of state

Solid ⇄ liquid ⇄ gas

Diffusion

Movement of particles from high to low concentration

Concentration

Amount of substance in a volume