Biomedical Sciences MI Midterm

ELISA

A test that uses antibodies and color change to identify a substance.

Step 1 of ELISA

Experimental sample is added to wells.

Step 2 of ELISA

Proteins are binded to the walls of the wells.

Step 3 of ELISA

Detergent washes out unbinded cells.

Step 4 of ELISA

Primary antibody binds to a specific antigen.

Step 5 of ELISA

Secondary antibody that has an enzyme-linked colorimetric tag attached is added to the wells & binds to the primary antibody.

Step 6 of ELISA

Substrate is added to the wells.

Step 7 of ELISA

Substrate binds to the enzyme bound to the secondary antibody causing a color change.

B-Lactams

Antibiotics that prevent bacteria from building a strong cell wall, causing eventual cell rupture.

Tetracyclines

Antibiotics that block bacterial protein production, preventing growth and reproduction.

Fluoroquinolones

Antibiotics that interfere with enzymes needed to copy and repair bacterial DNA.

Sulfa Antibiotics

Antibiotics that block how bacteria make folate, leading to bacterial starvation.

Pinna

The outer part of the ear that gathers sound waves.

External-Acoustic Canal

The ear canal that channels sound waves towards the tympanic membrane.

Tympanic Membrane

The eardrum that converts sound waves into physical vibrations.

Ossicles

Three tiny bones in the ear that transmit and amplify sound waves.

Eustachian Tube

Tube that helps balance and equalize pressure in the ear.

Cochlea

The inner ear structure that converts sound vibrations into electrical nerve impulses.

Semicircular Canals

Structures in the inner ear that detect head motion or position changes.

Sensory Hair Cells

Cells that convert physical movements from sound and head motion into electrical signals.

Conductive Hearing Loss

Hearing loss resulting from problems in the middle or outer ear.

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Hearing loss occurring in the inner ear due to problems with the auditory nerves.

Inoculation

The introduction of a pathogen or antigen into a living organism to stimulate antibody production.

Live-Attenuated Vaccine

A weakened form of the germ that causes a disease.

Inactivated Vaccine

A vaccine that uses the killed version of the germ that causes a disease.

Toxoid Vaccine

A vaccine that uses a harmful product made by the germ causing a disease.

Subunit Vaccine

A vaccine that uses specific pieces of the germ.

Conjugate Vaccine

A vaccine that combines a weak antigen with a strong antigen to improve the immune response.

Primary Antibody

An antibody that binds specifically to an antigen.

Secondary Antibody

An antibody that binds to the primary antibody and is usually linked to a detection enzyme.

Antigen

A substance that triggers an immune response.

Substrate (in ELISA)

The molecule that reacts with the enzyme linked to the secondary antibody, leading to a color change.

Colorimetric Tag

A marker that changes color to indicate the presence of a compound.

Cochlear Function

The process of converting sound vibrations into usable nerve impulses for the brain.

Eardrum Function

To convert sound waves into vibrations that can be transmitted to the ossicles.

Pressure Equalization in Ear

The process facilitated by the Eustachian tube.

Sensory Conversion

The process by which hair cells convert mechanical movements into electrical signals.

Bacterial Resistance Mechanism

Methods bacteria use to survive despite antibiotic treatment.

Antibiotic Action of B-Lactams

They interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Role of Tetracyclines in Bacteria

They inhibit the synthesis of proteins necessary for bacterial growth.

Impact of Fluoroquinolones on Bacteria

They disrupt the replication of bacterial DNA.

Function of Sulfa Antibiotics

They inhibit the production of folate necessary for bacterial metabolism.

Biological Role of Pinna

It acts as a funnel for sound waves.

External-Acoustic Canal Function

Directs sound waves towards the tympanic membrane.

Significance of Ossicles

They amplify sound waves for better transmission to the inner ear.

Sensorineural Hearing Loss Cause

Damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve.

Live-Attenuated Vaccine Advantage

Provides strong immunity as the immune system responds to a live but weakened pathogen.