AP World History Period 4

1900-Present

Russian Revolution

• low economic growth

• Bolsheviks overthrew the tsar government (led by Lenin)

• new communist government

• no more free trade, redistributed peasant crops to urban workers.

Qing Dynasty

• ethnic tension within state with the Manchu people

• Han people resisted legitimacy of Manchu leaders

• Sun Yat-Sen overthrew Qing Government → Confucian values, more democratic & handed power to military leaders

Sun Yat-Sen

• overthrew Qing Government

• focused more on Confucian values, more democratic, & gave power to military leaders

Ottoman Empire

• Sick Man of Europe

• Tanzimat reforms didn’t help industrialize enough and keep up with other countries

• Young Turks rose → wanted to be more like the rest of Europe

• Armenian Genocide - killed 1.5 million Christians in the Genocide

• Ottomans fell and Republic of Turkey was created; was like Western democracies

• Ataruk first ruler of Republic of Turkey (help transition it from religious state to Western)

Mexican Revolution

• under Diaz rule

• Madero escaped out of jail and created Mexican revolution

• created public education & voting rights for all men

Militarism

desire of a state to develop and maintain a powerful military to aggressively advance their own interests

Allies & Central Powers in WWl

Allies: Britain, France, Russia, Italy, & US

Central: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Technology in WWl

• machine guns, tear gas, chlorine gas, mustard gas

• trench warfare - spread diseases (influenza)

Total War

• all the countries involved leveraged every resource they had

• included people, food, weapons, & materials

Propaganda

influenced opinions based on exaggeration and misinformation

US into WWl

• entered because of the Zimmerman Telegram - Germnay wanted Mexico to start a war with

• German boats sunk a US passenger ships

Paris Peace Conference

• ended WWl

• Meeting between US, Britain, France, & Italy

• didn’t recognize the Bolsheviks because they left mid WWl

• Ottoman Empire & Austria-Hungary broken up & new states formed

• Punishment to Germany (Treaty of Versailles & Reparations)

Germany in between World Wars

• Germany printed major amounts of money → led to hyperinflation

• massive debt from reparations

US economic in between World Wars

• The stock market crashed and led to Great Depression

• borrowed lot’s of money from other countries

• FDR New Deal - People work on gov projects like dams, buildings, and railways

Russia in between World Wars

• Bolsheviks had a starving population

• Lenin → New Economic Plan → new private trade (existed until Lenin died)

• Stalin’s Five Year Plan → collectivization, Gulags, people starved to death

Fascist Governments

• Benito Mussolini (Italy first fascist state) & Adolf Hitler (Germany)

• controlled every aspect of society

• Hitler cancelled reparations

Unresolved Tensions After WWl

• countries wanted independence (self-determination + decolonization)

• India, East Asia, & Africa under European imperial rule

Indian National Congress

• complaints against British government

• Massacre of Armistar - Indians protested in garden → opened fire on peaceful protesters and worshipers → made ppl want more indp

• Gandhi → led India to nonviolent resistance (civil disobedience, making own clothes)

• Tension w Hindu & Muslim population →Two State-Solution (India & Pakistan) after WW2

Korea

• under Japanese colonial rule

• dominated Korean peninsula

• resentment at peak on March 1st Movement → squashed brutally

China

• May 4th Movement - supported Allies during WWl then sided with Japan

• Rejected Western democracies and towards communism

• CCP led by Mao Zedong → inspired by communist revolution in Russia → peasants revolted

• Chinese nationalist party led by Sun-Yat Sen

• Chang Kai took over after him and attacked Mao’s forces → Chinese Civil War

West Africa

• Africans more educated by European institutions

• Learned about natural rights and social Contract

• black workers in French West Africa protesting

• wanted fair wages & end of discriminatory practices

Causes of WW2

• Treaty of Versailles → Germany pay billions of reparations → ruined economy

• Ferdinand Foch saw this treaty as unfair & not peaceful

• Great Depression in the US caused the German economy to collapse

• Germany lost land (Rhineland)

Nazi Party

• Adolf Hitler created this party

• replaced Weimar Republic after WW1

• took power by being elected

• nullification of Treaty of Versailles, purification of German population, & stronger central authority

• Hitler became president & practiced German nationalism, scientific racism against Jews, anti-semitism

Nuremburg Laws

pushed Jews to the ends of society

Kristallnacht

• anti-Jewish riots

• destroyed synagogues, killed Jews, & sent them to concentration camps

Rome-Berlin Axis

Military alliance with Germany & Italy

Rhineland

• broke treaty and attacked Rhineland

• took Austria next as a threat to invade

Appeasement

• practiced by British prime minister

• agreement Hitler couldn’t take more land after Rhineland, Austria, & Sudentenland

• invaded Czechoslovakia & Poland

• Appeasement ended