Writing phrases

dormitory

a shared living space for students (student housing / shared residence)
Example: The plans illustrate two distinct types of student dormitory accommodation at an Australian university.

accommodation

a place to live or stay (housing / lodging) ⭐
Example: The plans illustrate two distinct types of student dormitory accommodation at an Australian university.

occupants

people who live in a place (residents / inhabitants)
Example: One designed for two occupants and the other for a single resident.

spacious

large and with plenty of space (roomy) ⭐
Example: The room for two students is considerably more spacious.

command a higher rental cost

require a higher rent (be more expensive to rent) ⭐
Example: The shared room commands a higher rental cost.

furnishing

furniture and items used to equip a home (furniture / interior items)
Example: The shared room is equipped with a greater range of furnishings.

ample

more than enough (plentiful / sufficient) ⭐
Example: The room provides ample space for two individuals.

appliances

electrical devices used at home (household devices / equipment)
Example: The kitchen is fully fitted with essential appliances.

is situated

is located (is positioned) ⭐
Example: The other bed is situated in the bottom right corner.

compact

small but efficiently designed (space-saving / neatly arranged) ⭐
Example: The single room features a more compact and simplified layout.

adjacent to

next to or very close to (beside / next to) ⭐
Example: The television is placed adjacent to the sink.

the present day

the current time (now / nowadays)
Example: The map compares the area in 1950 with the present day.

extension of infrastructure

development of basic facilities such as roads, transport, and utilities
Example: The area has undergone redevelopment, including the extension of infrastructure.

expansion of recreational amenity

the increase in facilities for leisure activities (parks, sports centers, entertainment areas)
Example: The expansion of recreational amenities such as a swimming pool is evident.

demolished

completely destroyed or torn down (especially buildings)
Example: The playground has been demolished and replaced by a car park.

terminated

officially ended or stopped
Example: The road once terminated at one of the car parks.

constructed

built
Example: A restaurant and a surf club have been newly constructed.

recreational and commercial appeal

attractiveness for both leisure and business purposes
Example: These changes contributed to the area’s increased recreational and commercial appeal.

in close proximity to

adjacent to (very near to or close to)
Example: A surf club has been established in close proximity to the lighthouse.

alteration

modification / adjustment

Example: The original features have been preserved without any alteration.

oscillate /ˈɑː.səl.eɪt/

fluctuate (to move up and down repeatedly)

Example: Prices oscillated within a narrow range over the period.

subsequently

after that, later in time (afterwards/ then)

Example: Prices recovered and subsequently rose to a higher level.

hover at

stay around a particular level without significant change
Example: Prices hovered at around $1.10 throughout the period.

remained stable

remain constant / unchanged

Example: Prices in the USA remained relatively stable.

undergo

experience a change or process (go through)

Example: Both countries underwent significant volatility.

volatility

the degree of variation or fluctuation

Example: The market experienced considerable volatility.

surpass

exceed or go beyond (be higher than)

Example: France’s banana prices surpassed those of Japan.

increase/ decline in parallel

increase or decrease at the same time and in a similar way (rise/fall simultaneously / in tandem)

Example: Employment declined in parallel with demand.

contraction of sth

less in amount, quantity or become smaller

Example: This reflects the contraction of the industry.

constitute / make up %

account for %

Example: Nuclear energy constituted 22% of total production.

production profile

the distribution or composition of production across different categories

Example: The energy production profile changed significantly.

renewables (noun)

energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro

Example: Renewables accounted for the smallest share.

undergo change

experience a change (go through changes)

Example: The sector has undergone substantial changes.

adaptable

able to change easily to new situations

Example: Students become more adaptable in diverse environments.

accelerated method

fast-track approach / intensive method

Example: Schools adopt an accelerated teaching approach.

constructive competitive environment

a setting where competition leads to positive development and improvement

Example: This creates a constructive competitive environment.

cater

to provide what is needed or desired

Example: Teachers cater to the needs of different learners.

grasp rapidly

understand quickly

Example: Gifted students grasp new concepts rapidly.

progress swiftly

improve or develop quickly

Example: Students can progress swiftly to advanced content.

tailored learning environment

an educational setting designed to meet individual needs
Example: A tailored learning environment enhances performance.

superior outcome

a better or higher-quality result

Example: This approach leads to superior academic outcomes.

sense of community

a feeling of belonging and connection among people

Example: Schools foster a strong sense of community.

mutual support

people helping each other

Example: Students benefit from mutual support in class.

socially aware

understanding social issues and the needs of others

Example: Education produces socially aware citizens.

ecological

environmental

Example: Pollution and other ecological damage are increasing.

inherently

naturally, by nature

Example: Industrialization is inherently linked to pollution.

derive from

originate from

Example: Environmental problems derive from industrial activities.

emitter of greenhouse gases

A person, machine, or system that produces and releases something

Example: The country is a major emitter of greenhouse gases.

vast manufacturing sector

extensive industrial activity

Example: It has a vast manufacturing sector.

deforestation

destruction of forests

Example: The country suffers from deforestation.

vehicular pollution

vehicle exhaust

Example: Vehicular pollution contributes to poor air quality.

hazardous

dangerous

Example: The air quality is hazardous to human health.

adequate regulation

Enough / sufficient for a particular legal purpose

Example: There is a lack of adequate environmental regulation.

industrial practice

industrial activities
Example: Industrial practices affect environmental outcomes.

the pursuit of wealth and prosperity

the drive for economic success
Example: Nations prioritize the pursuit of wealth and prosperity.

resource depletion

the exhaustion of natural resources
Example: Economic growth leads to resource depletion.

habitat destruction

ecosystem destruction
Example: Industrial expansion causes habitat destruction

the sense of accountability

a feeling of responsibility for one’s actions

disciplined habit

a consistent and controlled way of behaving or studying

Example

individualized pace

a learning speed suited to each individual

excessive consumerism

the habit of buying and consuming more goods than necessary
example: its promotion of excessive consumerism.

limited durability

not lasting long; easily worn out or broken

example : Many brands such as Shein have faced criticism for producing cheap, trend-driven items with limited durability.

has developed alongside sth

has grown in response to

ex: it has grown in response to global economic development

the fashion industry has developed alongside modernisation

Clarify misconception

make a misunderstanding clear or correct a false belief

Collectively develop understanding

build knowledge together as a group

disciplined habit

a consistent and controlled way of behaving or studying

Example: Regular homework helps students develop disciplined study habits.

individualized pace

a learning speed suited to each individual

emerged as the leading / rank as the top/ held a commanding lead

dominated the market

import/ export volume

the total amount of goods imported or exported

lag behind

fall behind or be lower than others

Example: Germany lagged behind the other countries in terms of import volume

potable use

drinkable

Example: The treated water is suitable for potable use

commencing with (stage 1 ) and culminating in (stage 2)

starting with (stage 1) and ending with (stage 2)

Example: The process commences with rainwater collection and culminates in potable use.

guttering system

the collecting system of rainwater positioned along the side of household accommodation

Example: Rainwater is first collected through a guttering system attached to the roof.

water is channeled through pipes/ transferred into/delivered to

water is distributed through

Example: The collected water is then channeled through pipes into a storage tank.

drainage network

a system of pipes that carry water away

Example: Excess water is removed via a drainage network.

filtration unit

a device used to remove impurities from water

Example: The water passes through a filtration unit before further treatment.

impurity

an unwanted substance that contaminates something

Example: The filtration process removes impurities from the water

filled into bottles

poured into bottles

express higher level of satisfaction/ indicate or report that they were/ were more/ satisfaction was more common among

show a considerably higher level of approval

universally applicable

suitable in all situations/ can be used everywhere

Example idea: This solution is suitable in all situations.

Example: This solution is universally applicable across different regions.

transportation-related emissions

pollution caused by transport

Example idea: This approach reduces pollution caused by transport. Example: This approach helps to reduce transportation-related emissions.

extensive fuel consumption

using a large amount of fuel

Example idea: Long-distance trade uses a large amount of fuel.

Example: Importing goods often involves extensive fuel consumption.

intensify pollution

make pollution worse/ increase pollution

Example idea: This can make pollution worse.

Example: Industrial activities can intensify pollution levels.

shorten supply chain

reduce the distance bringing the product to customers

Example idea: Local sourcing reduces the distance between producers and consumers.

Example: Using local products helps to shorten supply chains.

environmentally conscious and resource-efficient (people)

aware of the environment and use resources carefully

Example idea: People become more aware of the environment and use resources carefully.

Example: Local communities become more environmentally conscious and resource-efficient.

exclusive reliance on sth

depending only on something

Example idea: Depending only on local resources is not always effective. Example: Exclusive reliance on local production may not be sustainable.

adverse natural and climatic conditions

harsh weather and environmental conditions

Example idea: Some areas suffer from harsh weather conditions.

Example: Many regions face adverse natural and climatic conditions.

sth is neither practical nor environmentally optimal in all contexts

not always realistic or environmentally effective

Example idea: This approach is not always realistic or environmentally effective.

Example: This strategy is neither practical nor environmentally optimal in all contexts.

overexploitation of resources

overuse of natural resources

Example idea: This may lead to the overuse of water resources.

Example: Intensive farming can result in the overexploitation of resources.

aggravate/ intensify/ exacerbate pollution

make pollution more serious

Example idea: This can make pollution more serious.

Example: Increased traffic can aggravate pollution in urban areas.

cross-border exchange

international trade between countries

Example idea: International trade allows countries to share resources. Example: Cross-border exchange promotes access to global resources.

reinforcing initiatives

strengthening efforts/ supporting actions

Example idea: This helps strengthen local environmental efforts.

Example: Government policies play a key role in reinforcing sustainability initiatives.

be regarded as a standalone solution

be seen as the only solution

Example idea: This should not be seen as the only solution.

Example: Local sourcing should not be regarded as a standalone solution.

an integrated approach

a combined /balanced approach

Example idea: A combined approach is more effective.

Example: An integrated approach is essential for long-term sustainability

critic

a person who expresses disagreement or points out problems  

Example idea: Some people disagree with government spending.  

Example: Critics argue that vast public funds could be redirected.

poverty alleviation (əˌli viˈeɪ ʃən)

poverty reduction

Example idea: Governments should focus on reducing poverty.

Example: terrestrial challenges such as poverty alleviation, healthcare provision and climate change mitigation.

terrestrial problems

problems on Earth

Example idea: Many countries face serious problems on Earth.

Example: Funds should be redirected towards terrestrial problems.

extraterrestrial research

research related to space

Example idea: Space-related research is expensive.

Example: Heavy spending on extraterrestrial research may be unnecessary.

satellite communication

communication using satellites

Example idea: Modern communication depends on satellites.

Example: Satellite communication is essential in today’s world.

GPS navigation

a system that helps people find locations using satellites

Example idea: Many people use navigation systems daily.

Example: GPS navigation has become widely used.