UTK Anatomy TAPP Exam

Inferior Ribs

lower 6. ribs; cover most superior organs of the abdominal cavity

os coxa

a large flat bone formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis; right and left halves of the pelvis

iliac crest

top curves of the pelvis

anterior superior iliac spine

bony edge of the bottom of the pelvis

lumbar vertebrae

L1-L5; large vertebrae of curve of the back

external oblique

lower side muscles; start on the rib cage and travel medially to form aponeurosis

anterior rectus sheath

what the aponeuroses of the muscles of the abdominal wall form in the center

internal abdominal oblique

deep to external oblique; forms aponeurosis medially; originates partly in ribs and partly in pelvis

linea alba

midline tendinous seam joining the abdominal muscles

rectus abdominis

commonly known as 6-pack; runs down the midline and is contained by the rectus sheath

transversus abdominis

deepest layer of abdominal wall muscles; creates aponeurosis medially

arcuate line

connective tissue running down abdomen where aponeuroses end

parietal peritoneum

connective tissue that partially lines the abdominal organs

inguinal canal

opening in the anterior abdominal wall where spermatic cord (males) and round ligament (females) pass through

superficial ring

where spermatic cord or round ligament pass through the aponeurosis

deep ring

where spermatic cord or round ligament travel into the abdominal cavity (inferior transversus abdominis)

inguinal ligament

anchors the abdominal muscles; @ crease of the thigh and abdomen; ilium to pubis

indirect hernia

goes through the deep ring

direct hernia

does not go through the deep ring; often because of a defect in the abdominal wall

peritoneal cavity

"fist in a balloon" tissue surrounding abdominal organs

greater omentum

Continuation of the peritoneum between the stomach and the transverse colon; does not go around organs, only lays anterior to them; covered in macrophages

gastrocolic ligament

connects stomach to transverse colon

Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach; travels through diaphragm then immediately terminates and joins the stomach at the fundus

cardia

where the esophagus enters the stomach

body of stomach

central portion of the stomach

fundus of stomach

bulbous portion of the stomach @ top

pyloric sphincter

ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum

What is the purpose of the folds of the stomach?

The folds allow for expansion when full and also contain many glands that help w/ the chemical breakdown of food

Why is the fundus of the stomach angled?

This prevents things returning back into the esophagus (acid reflux)

lesser omentum

Structure attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver

omental bursa

space for stomach expansion

Pancreas

responsible for chemical breakdown and packaging of food for absorption

pancreatic juice

counteracts acid produced by the stomach; breaks down carbs and lipids

Where is the pancreas connected to the small intestine?

it is connected at the duodenum; it is nestled in the space where the loop is formed

head of pancreas

the bulbous portion that is nestled into the curve of the duodenum

body of pancreas

majority of the pancreas

tail of pancreas

oriented left, the long part

main pancreatic duct

duct that connects pancreas to the duodenum

Where do stomach contents and pancreatic juices mix?

in the duodenum

duodenum

first portion of the small intestine

bile duct

A tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine

Where does the bile duct run?

it runs deep to the pancreatic duct into the duodenum through the same opening as the pancreatic duct

Spleen

located laterally on the left deep to 9-11 ribs; responsible for immunological function

Why are there indentations on the spleen?

It has grown against the ribs

Why is there a smooth portion of the spleen?

It has grown against the diaphragm

visceral surface of spleen

where the hilum is located; not facing the ribs or diaphragm; posterior

liver

produces bile; major metabolic organ; filters blood

right lobe of liver

largest lobe of the liver

bare area of liver

sits directly inferior to diaphragm; not covered by peritoneum

falciform ligament

separates left and right lobes of the liver; attaches anteriorly and posteriorly

left lobe of liver

smaller lobe of liver

caudate lobe

tail like lobe coming from right lobe of the liver (posterior)

quadrate lobe

between the gallbladder and left lobe (posterior)

Where does bile go if it is not entering the duodenum?

through the common bile duct into the gallbladder

Gallbladder

sac attached to liver that is a storage spot for bile

porta hapatis

opening into the liver for ducts, arteries, & veins; where the portal vein enters & common bile duct exits

What is the function of the portal vein?

It drains nutrient rich blood from abdominal organs into the liver to be filtered and processed

Where is the inferior vena cave in relation to the lobes of the liver?

It is surrounded by the caudate lobe and bare area

What is the pattern of nutrient rich venous blood flow?

intestines/stomach -> portal vein -> liver -> hepatic veins -> inferior vena cava -> systemic circulation

What is unique about the liver?

It can meet the metabolic demands of the body as long as 25% of it is functioning, and it can regenerate itself

cystic duct

Duct leading from the gallbladder to the common bile duct; carries bile

What is the function of the small intestine?

absorption of nutrients

What is the function of the large intestine?

absorbs water, some nutrients, and begins waste production

On which side is the duodenum covered by peritoneum?

anterior

jejunum

ridged center portion of the small intestine that is suspended by mesentery

ileum

smooth lower portion of the small intestine that is suspended by mesentery

plicae circulares

folds in the walls of the jejunum that increase surface area, therefore increasing absorption

mesentery

a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

How to arteries, lymphatics, and autonomic nerves get to the jejunum and ileum?

They go through the mesentery

How can you tell the difference in the jejunum and ileum?

The jejunum is ridged, and the ileum is smooth; there are few arterial arcades in the arteries leading to the jejunum and many in the arteries leading to the ileum

arterial arcades

loops of arteries around the jejunum and ileum

vasa rectae

arterial projections into the intestines (short in ileum, long in jejunum)

cecum

first portion of the large intestine that is inferior and right; where digested food from the ileum enters the colon

ascending colon

portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum (retroperitoneal)

transverse colon

the middle part of the large intestine, passing across the abdomen from right to left below the stomach. (interperitoneal)

descending colon

the part of the large intestine that passes downward on the left side of the abdomen (retroperitoneal)

sigmoid colon

an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above and joins with the rectum below (interperitoneal)

Rectum

A short tube at the end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated

ileocecal junction

the end of the small intestine where the ileum joins the cecum of the large intestine

appendix

infection-fighting pouch hanging off of cecum

retroperitoneal

only covered by peritoneum on the back

interperitoneal

surrounded on every side by peritoneum

haustra

bulges of the large intestine to increase surface area

teniae coli

bands of muscle down the middle of the colon that help push material through

right colic flexure

curve where the colon changes from ascending to transverse

left colic flexure

curve where colon changes from transverse to descending

What is important about the left colic flexure?

- up until this point all parasympathetic nerves come from the vagus nerve

- after this point parasympathetic nerves come from the pelvis

- important anatomical landmark

retroperitoneal organs

- kidneys

- pancreas

- duodenum

- suprarenal glands

Why is there a height difference between the kidneys?

The left is higher than the right because the develop in the pelvis and ascend until they are blocked by other organs

suprarenal glands

rest on top of kidneys and produce hormones

Why is the right suprarenal gland triangular?

It is blocked by the liver

Left adrenal gland

crescent shaped

renal hilum

on the posterior side; where renal artery, renal vein, and ureter enter/exit kidneys

From superior to inferior, what is the order that the vessels and ureter enter the kidney?

artery, vein, ureter

What is responsible for the lengths of the blood vessels entering the kidneys?

The descending aorta is slightly left of the midline & inferior vena cava is slightly right, making the renal artery slightly shorter on the left and the renal vein slightly shorter on the right

renal capsule

outer covering of kidney; very thin

renal cortex

thick layer below the renal capsule

renal medulla

houses many filters; where waste chemicals begin being collected

renal pyramids

funnels made of many channels; accumulate urine and bring it into the minor calyces

minor calyces of kidney

stem of the funnel of the renal pyramids