Biology Chapter 6 Dietary Energy and Cellular Respiration

glycogen

a complex animal carbohydrate, made up of linked chains of glucose molecules, that stores energy for short-term use

glycolysis

a series of reactions that break down sugar into smaller units; takes place in the cytoplasm and is the first stage of both aerobic respiration and fermentation

trans fat

a type of vegetable fat that has been hydrogenated, i.e. hydrogen atoms have been added, making it solid at room temperature

triglyceride

a type of lipid found in fat cells that stores excess energy for long-term use

citric acid cycle

a set of reactions that takes places in the mitochondria and help extract energy (in the form of high energy electrons) from food; second stage of aerobic respiration

saturated fat

animal fats such as butter; solid at room temperature

ATP

adenosine triphosphate; the molecule that cells use to power energy requiring functions; the cell's energy "currency"

electron transport chain

a process that takes place in the mitochondria and produces the bulk of ATP during aerobic respiration; 3rd stage of aerobic respiration

unsaturated fat

plant fat such as olive oil, liquid at room temperature

aerobic respiration

a series of reactions that occurs in the presence of oxygen and converts energy stored in food into ATP

NADH

a molecule that stores energy for harvest by the electron transport chain, converted from NAD+

fermentation

a series of chemical reactions that takes place in the absence of O2 and converts some of the energy stored in food into ATP, produces far less ATP than aerobic respiration

FADH2

a molecule that stores energy for harvest by the electron transport chain, converted from FAD

lactic acid

waste product produced by fermentation, causes muscles to be sore

alcoholic fermentation

a process used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol

ATP synthase

the enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

mitochondrion

organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated

body mass index

a ratio that allows you to assess your body size in relation to your height and weight

obesity

an excessive accumulation of fat in the body

calorie

amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C

Calorie

1000 calories or 1 kilocalorie

macromolecule

a very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

coenzyme A

the substance that helps the two carbon (acetyl group) enter the Krebs cycle.

cytoplasm

location of glycolysis and fermentation

inner mitochondrial membrane

location of electron transport chain

mitochondrial matrix

location of Krebs cycle inside the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

ADP

A lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group