EVE 12 MT 2 MPC

what is more dense: warm or cold water?

cold

what is primary production?

the transformation of inorganic molecules into organic molecules

why is primary production important?

provides the raw energy and materials for all life throughout food webs

thermocline

steep temperature gradient at some depth where temperature is different below and above

how many more times viscous is water than air?

60%

water currents are how many times stronger than wind?

30

streamlining

moving efficiently through the water requires body shape that minimizes drag forces

tiniest primary producers

nanoplankton

largest animal

blue whale

what percentage of marine habitats providing human livelihood are degraded

60%

what percentage of earth's surface is ocean

70%

what is the top level of the ocean that receives the suns light

epipelagic

how far deep do the deepest fish swim

8000m

biodiversity

variety of life in an environment

what percentage of the earth's water is ocean water?

97%

1 atm increases every how many meters?

10m

moray eel

- live on coral reefs

- hunt at night

- have second set of jaw called pharyngeal jaw to grab and eat fish

what is barotrauma

when the air bladder expands in a fish bc they came up to the surface (changing pressure) too quickly and they most likely die

what occurs during photosynthesis?

Visible light is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments

what color light has the most energy/shortest wavelength?

blue

light cannot reach past how many m?

1000m

sunlight shows through which zone?

euphotic zone

twilight zone is called what?

disphotic zone

midnight zone is called what?

aphotic zone

what are the most abundant ions?

cl- and na+

what does it mean if seawater salinity of 35% in terms of salt content?

it has a 3.5% salt content

how many more times dense is water than air

800

what does the density of water depend on?

temperature and salinity

what is plankton also known as?

ocean wanderer

what is pelagic also known as?

open ocean

what is benthic also known as

bottom of the sea

boundary layers

regions of slow flow close to a surface (an organism, a rock wall, the seafloor)

what is water flow at large scales?

currents and tides

chemosynthesis

bonds in inorganic chemicals provide energy

what is wind stress

offshore water displacement due to earth's rotation

upwelling

why is upwelled water full on nutrients?

All the nutrients that has fallen to the ground and then is brought back up w the nutrients in it

ecosystems

system of life fueled by primary production; includes the interacting species and the flows of energy

phytoplankton

single-celled

form chains

different morphologies

what are adaptations made by organisms in the photic zone

spines, chains, swimming

what are the biggest phytoplankton?

diatoms

what are the smallest phytoplankton?

cyanobacteria

the trophic web?

producers→ primary consumers→ secondary consumers→ tertiary consumers

what is the purpose of harmful algae?

to make sure no one else survives except them

polar bear

- interface organism

- live in arctic and are top of the food chain

- largest terrestrial predator

- feed almost exclusively on seals that they hunt on pack ice

what algae is the primary producer in the Sargasso Sea?

sargassum algae

green algae example

true land plants

red algae

no pelagic forms, but single-celled

brown algae

kelps; diatoms

seaweed benefits of food for humans

nori for sushi

kelps are edible

seaweed benefits of food additives for humans

natural thickeners and stabilizers

added to ice cream and beer

seaweed benefits of cosmetics for humans

cell wall compounds

seaweed benefits of science for humans

agar and bacteria growth media

bottom-up control

energy moving up food web

limitations/changes at the bottom will affect the rest of the food web

top-down control

Consumers can influence food webs by eating lower trophic level species

what type of kelp forest do not have air bladders?

shrub kelp

why do kelp forests survive staying upright in the photic zone?

because they can support large size with photosynthesis have gas bladders

bull kelp

- nereocystis luetkeana

- mermaid bladder

- component of Californian kelp forest

foundation species

species that disproportionately affect the community, generally has a strong role in structuring the ecosystem

what is the chain of events from an otter to an urchin and and is an example of what?

trophic cascade

indirect effect

California sheepshead wrasse

- prefer rocky bottoms

- feed on hard-shelled organisms

- everyone's born female

- form leks

why is it hard to live in rocky intertidal zone?

- Salinity changes

- Desiccation

- Wave action

- Extreme temperature variation

- Nutrient variation

- Low oxygen levels

adaptions to the rocky intertidal zone?

- stick to substrate

- be flexible

- be small

- run away

zonation in the rocky intertidal zone

Specific pattern due to competitive exclusion of balanus by Chthamalus individuals

sea star wasting syndrome

responsible for massive die-off in 2013/14 >80%

keystone species

overfishing: California abalone

- eat kelp and ditritusalone fishery

- largest muscular foot is edible

- white abalone is endangered

- red abalone heavily monitored

invasive species: undaria pinnatifida

non-native species

overcrowds native species, fouls aquaculture and boats

biodiversity

the richness and variety of life

hydrothermal vents

undersea volcanoes where molten rocks are released from the earth's mantle, "birthplace of the seafloor"

chemosynthesis

bacteria use H2S to make organic matter and support food webs

vent tube worms

hydrothermal organisms that grow fast & tall, have no mouth or digestive track

Census of Marine Life

COML

electromagnetic radiation

energy for sea life comes in this form from the sun

salinity

total amount of dissolved salts

seawater

buoyant, viscous fluid

viscosity

tendency of a fluid to resist flowing

drag

the force of a fluid on an organism

hydrodynamics

force that transport materials, removes waste products, controls boundary layers in ocean

tide

generated by the gravitational force of the moon on the earth, important for intertidal zones

current

generated by heating and cooling of the earth, helps with circulation in water (temp + salinity)

thermohaline circulation

the conveyor-belt global circulation of ocean water b/w the surface and deep-water lengths (result of changes in density of water)

ocean acidification

more CO2 being absorbed into ocean --> altering chemistry of water, more difficult for organisms to build calcified shells

intertidal

the most shallow area of ocean habitat where tides expose the sea-floor to air at least once a day

estuaries

specific type of coastal marine environment where river meets the sea

ecosystem engineers

organism that creates new habitat or changes the architecture of a habitat

tilefish

type of fish that digs burrows that promote ecosystems by providing refuge from predators

Deep Sea Research Vessels

DSRVs, equipped for very deep ocean work

bioluminescence

coloration method in abyss for attracting prey

benthic

swim, attach, burrow zones

pelagic

must swim or avoid sinking zone

primary production

the transformation of inorganic materials (CO2, H2O) into organic molecules (sugars)

upwelling regions

most productive ocean environment, but cover 1% of ocean - deep nutrients (phosphorous) replace surface water

phytoplankton

microscopic, unicellular photosynthetic algae that live in mixed communities of different species

sea surface temperature

SST

harmfal algal blooms

HABs, toxic phytoplankton species

red tide

HAB caused by dinoflyellates with reddish pigments that reproduce rapidly

seaweed

large marine algae, limited to shallow waters

green tropical seaweed

only type of seaweed that grows from soft sediments

kelp forest

habitat dominated by large brown seaweed, grow quickly in cool waters along rocky coasts

angiosperms

green plants that reproduce by flowering, producing pollen and seeds

seagrass

marine angiosperm, among most productive plants in the world, anchored/stabilizes in sediments,