SCIENCE

Electromagnetic Waves

Waves that do not require a medium to travel and can travel through vacuum.

Mechanical Waves

Waves that require a medium to travel, such as sound waves and water waves.

Longitudinal Waves

Waves in which the particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of wave propagation.

Transverse Waves

Waves in which the particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

Crest

The highest point of a wave.

Trough

The lowest point of a wave.

Wavelength

The distance between two consecutive crests or troughs of a wave.

Amplitude

The distance between the equilibrium position and the crest or trough of a wave.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic waves.

Radio Waves

Electromagnetic waves used in communication, such as FM and AM waves.

Microwaves

Very short electromagnetic waves used in technologies like microwave ovens.

Infrared

Electromagnetic waves that are most noticeable as heat and can be used for thermal imaging.

Visible Light

Electromagnetic waves that are visible to the human eye and can be refracted when entering a new medium.

Ultraviolet

High-energy electromagnetic waves that can cause sunburns, cataracts, and skin cancer.

X-rays

High-energy electromagnetic waves that can penetrate through skin and muscle and are used in medical imaging.

Gamma Rays

Electromagnetic waves with the greatest amount of energy, used in nuclear fission and cancer treatment.

Ionizing Waves

Electromagnetic waves, such as X-rays and gamma rays, that have enough energy to remove electrons from atoms.

Non-ionizing Waves

Electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves and microwaves, that do not have enough energy to remove electrons from atoms.

Plane Mirror

A flat mirror that forms an image based on what is shown in front of it.

Law of Reflection

The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

Virtual Image

An image formed behind a mirror that cannot be projected onto a screen.

Real Image

An image formed in front of a mirror that can be projected onto a screen.

Lens

A transparent object that focuses light and forms an image.

Biconvex Lens

A converging lens that is thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges.

Biconcave Lens

A diverging lens that is thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges.

Optical Instruments

Devices that use lenses and mirrors to manipulate light for various purposes, such as cameras, telescopes, binoculars, and microscopes.

Motor

A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Generator

A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Magnet

An object that produces a magnetic field and can attract or repel other magnets.

Armature

The part of a motor or generator that reacts to the magnetic field and produces motion or electricity.

Commutator

A part of a motor that receives electricity for the rotor's movement in a direct current motor.

Slip Rings

A part of a generator that is connected to the ends of the armature and helps in rotation.

Brush

A part of a motor or generator that conducts current to the moving parts.

Stator

The stationary part of a motor or generator that holds the magnet to prevent attraction.

Shaft/Axle

The part of a motor or generator that holds the rotation of the armature or is rotated by an external force.

Solenoid

A carrying conductor of electricity, often used in motors.