AP World Unit 5

The Enlightenment

Movement emphasizing reason and individual rights over tradition.

John Locke

Argued for Natural Rights (life, liberty, and property) and the right to rebel.

Social Contract

idea that the government rules only by the consent of people

Montesquieu

Argued for Separation of Powers (executive, legislative, judicial)

Nationalism

Intense loyalty to people who share a language/culture; drove unifications.

Adam Smith

Father of Capitalism; wrote The Wealth of Nations (laissez-faire)

Laissez-Faire

“leave it alone”- the idea that the government shouldn’t interfere in the economy

Declaration of Independence

Document using Enlightenment ideas to justify American freedom

Declaration of the Rights of Man

French document guaranteeing basic rights to all citizens

Haitian Revolution

The only successful slave revolt in history; led by Toussaint L’Ouverture

Simon Bolivar

The “liberator” of South America; led revolutions against Spain

Propaganda Movement

Reform movement in the Philippines against Spanish rule.

Italian Unification

Led by Cavour and Garibaldi to unite the peninsula

German Unification

Led by Otto von Bismarck using “blood and iron”

Industrial Revolution

Transition from cottage industries to factory-based machine production

Steam Engine

James Watt’s invention that powered factories and steamboats.

Second Industrial Revolution

Focus on steel, chemicals, and electricity (late 1800s)M

Meiji Restoration

Japan’s rapid westernization and industrialization to avoid colonization

Muhammad Ali

Egyptian leader who industrialized Egypt’s cotton industry

Transcontinental Railroad

Connected the US East and West coasts; boomed trade.

Corporations

Businesses owned by stockholders; reduced personal risk for investors

Labor Unions

Worker organizations that fought for better pay and 8 hour workdays

Karl Max

Wrote The Communist Manifesto; predicted a worker uprising

Proletariat

The working class (in Marxist theory)

Bourgeoisie

The middle class/factory owners (in Marxist theory)

Urbanization

Mass movement of people from farms to cities, causing crowded housing.