anatomy block 4

Scapula

A flat, triangular bone located in the upper back; serves as an attachment point for several muscles.

Clavicle

A long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum.

Humerus

The bone of the upper arm or forelimb that runs from the shoulder to the elbow.

Ulna

The inner and longer of the two bones in the forearm, opposite the radius.

Radius

The shorter and thicker of the two bones in the forearm, located on the thumb side.

Carpals

The eight bones that make up the wrist.

Metacarpals

The five bones that form the middle part of the hand.

Phalanges

The 14 bones that constitute the fingers and toes.

Humerus Fractures

Commonly indicate issues with shoulder movement and may impact the radial nerve.

Shoulder Joints

Include the glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and scapulothoracic joints located throughout the shoulder region.

Rotator Cuff Muscles

Group of four muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis, responsible for stabilizing the shoulder joint.

Teres Major

A muscle that helps with adduction and medial rotation of the arm.

Latissimus Dorsi

A large muscle of the back that helps with arm extension, adduction, and medial rotation.

Trapezius

A muscle that moves, rotates, and stabilizes the scapula and supports the arm.

Levator Scapulae

A muscle that elevates the scapula and assists in neck movement.

Rhomboid Major and Minor

Muscles that retract the scapula and rotate it to depress the glenoid cavity.

Deltoid

A muscle responsible for shoulder abduction, flexion, and extension.

Coracobrachialis

A muscle that aids in flexion and adduction of the arm.

Pectoralis Major

A thick, fan-shaped muscle responsible for arm flexion, adduction, and medial rotation.

Pectoralis Minor

A muscle located beneath the pectoralis major that stabilizes the scapula.

Serratus Anterior

A muscle that facilitates scapular protraction and upward rotation.

Biceps Brachii

A muscle involved in elbow flexion and forearm supination.

Brachialis

A muscle that functions primarily to flex the elbow.

Triceps Brachii

A muscle responsible for elbow extension.

Anconeus

A muscle that assists in elbow extension.

Winged Scapula

Condition caused by damage to the serratus anterior or long thoracic nerve, resulting in scapular winging.

Venipuncture Veins

Typically involves cephalic, basilic, and median cubital veins, due to their superficial location.

Brachial Plexus Nerves

Includes musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, and ulnar nerves, originating from nerve roots C5-T1.

Brachial Plexus Injuries

Can lead to weakness, numbness, and loss of function in the upper limb.

Axillary Lymph Node Groups

Groups include central, pectoral, subscapular, lateral, and medial nodes, involved in lymph drainage from the breast and upper limb.

Colle’s Fracture

A distal radius fracture often occurring from falling on an outstretched hand.

Pronator Teres

A muscle that pronates the forearm and flexes the elbow.

Flexor Carpi Radialis

A muscle responsible for wrist flexion and radial deviation.

Palmaris Longus

A muscle that aids in wrist flexion and tightens the palmar fascia.

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

A muscle that flexes and adducts the wrist.

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

A muscle that flexes the middle phalanges of fingers.

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

A muscle that flexes the distal phalanges.

Flexor Pollicis Longus

A muscle that flexes the thumb.

Pronator Quadratus

A muscle that assists in pronation of the forearm.

Extensor Digitorum

A muscle that extends the fingers.

Extensor Digiti Minimi

A muscle that extends the little finger.

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

A muscle that extends and adducts the wrist.

Supinator

A muscle that supinates the forearm.

Abductor Pollicis Longus

A muscle involved in abduction and extension of the thumb.

Extensor Pollicis Brevis

A muscle that extends the proximal phalanx of the thumb.

Extensor Pollicis Longus

A muscle that extends the distal phalanx of the thumb.

Extensor Indicis

A muscle that extends the index finger.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A condition caused by compression of the median nerve in the wrist, affecting finger movement.

Scaphoid Fracture

An injury that can lead to avascular necrosis due to its poor blood supply.

Lunate Dislocation

A dislocation of the lunate bone that can compress nerves and blood vessels.

Thenar Muscles

Include abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, and adductor pollicis, which control thumb movement.

Hypothenar Muscles

Comprise flexor digiti minimi, abductor digiti minimi, opponens digiti minimi, and palmaris brevis, which control movement of the little finger.

Anatomical Snuffbox

A depression on the radial side of the wrist associated with the scaphoid bone and radial artery.

Radial Nerve Damage Symptoms

May include wrist drop and inability to extend fingers.

Median Nerve Damage Symptoms

Involves loss of thumb opposition and sensations in the palm.

Ulnar Nerve Damage Symptoms

Results in weakened grip and loss of sensation in the little finger and half of the ring finger.