Biology: Key Concepts of Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

Monomer of protein

Amino acids

Polymer of protein

Polypeptides

Functions of Proteins

Perform chemical reactions quicker with enzymes, communicate as hormones, initiate movement in muscles, involve in immune systems like antibodies, and develop muscles.

Monomers of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide (1), Disaccharide (2)

Examples of Monosaccharides

Simple sugars like fructose, glucose, and sucrose.

Polymers of Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

Examples of Polysaccharides

Starch, cellulose, and glycogen.

Functions of Carbohydrates

Provide quick energy to the body, energy stored in the bonds of monosaccharides is released during cellular respiration, contain elements C, H, and O, and have a ring-like structure.

Monomer of Lipids

Fatty acids (either saturated or unsaturated)

Polymers of Lipids

Triglycerides and phospholipids

Functions of Lipids

Form cell membranes, act as vitamins and hormones, serve as energy storage, and are important for insulation and long-term energy storage.

Monomer of Nucleic Acid

Nucleotide

Polymers of Nucleic Acid

DNA, RNA

Functions of Nucleic Acid

serves as genetic material, includes all living cells and a mutation in DNA would start with it.

Anabolic

Small molecules are built into big ones, energy is required

Catabolic

Large molecules are broken down into smaller ones, energy is released.

Lugars Iodine test

Testing for starch

Sudan III test

Testing for lipids

Biuret test

Testing for proteins

Benedicts test

Testing for sugars

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

Metabolic Pathways

May have different steps each with it's own different enzyme to get a final product

enzymes trying to reach a final product

Function of triglyceride

Energy storage

Function of phospholipids

Cell membrane structure

Functions of steroids

Hormones

Describe how amino acids are used to build new proteins in cells.

The process of breaking peptide bonds to release amino acids is called proteolysis, which happens when a water molecule splits the bond linking the amino acids, a reaction sped up by enzymes called proteases. This breakdown frees the individual amino acids so the body uses them for building new proteins. Once they’re freed

ribosomes = make amino acids into protein.

Explain the process of breaking peptide bonds and forming amino acids.

Food is swallowed by a person, Acid proteins reveal their polypeptide chain, Pepsin forms shorter polypeptides, In the small intestine, more enzymes continue to break down the polypetides until their tripeptide and dipeptides, These are further broken down into amino acid and absorbed into

Identify key enzymes involved in macromolecule digestion.

Salivary amaylase (mouth), Pancreatic amylase (small intestine), Pepsin (stomach), Tripsin (small intestine), Lactase (small intestine)

Stomach

breaks down food mechanically and chemically until its ready to be absorbed known as chyme.

Liver

largest internal organ and is involved in carbohydrate and protein metabolism and makes bile

Pancreas

Produces juices to the small intestine that contain enzymes and will eliminate acidic stuff

Gallbladder

Stores the bile the liver made

sucrose

explain enzyme action with sucrose

A sucrase enzyme has a specific active site with perfectly fits sucrose. A water molecule is then broguht to the active site where it breaks up the bond connecting fructose and glucose.

What did lactase do?

Lactase broke up lactose into galactose and glucos by adding a water molecule.