harper final

What is the main structure of the plasma membrane?

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates

What does the phospholipid bilayer do?

Forms a selectively permeable barrier around the cell

What type of transport requires assistance but is still passive?

Facilitated diffusion

What transport protein is commonly used in facilitated diffusion?

Channel proteins or carrier proteins

How many chromosomes are in a human body cell?

46

How many chromosomes are in a human sex cell?

23

What is a zygote?

A fertilized egg formed when sperm and egg unite

How many chromosomes are in a zygote?

46

What is a hypotonic solution?

A solution with lower solute concentration than the cell

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

Water moves into the cell and it swells

What is a hypertonic solution?

A solution with higher solute concentration than the cell

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

Water moves out of the cell and it shrinks

What is an isotonic solution?

A solution with equal solute concentration to the cell

What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution?

Water moves equally in both directions with no net change

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

What are the building blocks of lipids?

Fatty acids and glycerol

Which organelle packages proteins for export?

Golgi apparatus

Which organelle makes ATP for metabolism?

Mitochondria

What is the function of simple cuboidal tissue?

Secretion and absorption

Where is simple cuboidal tissue found?

Kidney tubules

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

Stretching

Where is transitional epithelium found?

Urinary bladder

What is the function of simple columnar tissue?

Absorption and secretion

Where is simple columnar tissue found?

Small intestine

What is the function of simple squamous tissue?

Diffusion and filtration

Where is simple squamous tissue found?

Alveoli of lungs

What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?

Involuntary movement

Where is smooth muscle found?

Walls of hollow organs

What stage of cellular respiration makes the most ATP?

Electron transport chain

Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

What hormone increases blood calcium?

Parathyroid hormone

What hormone decreases blood calcium?

Calcitonin

What hormone is released when blood sugar is too low?

Glucagon

Where is glucagon produced?

Pancreas

What hormone is released when blood sugar is too high?

Insulin

Where is insulin produced?

Pancreas

Oxytocin is part of what type of feedback loop?

Positive feedback

What is oxytocin?

A hormone that stimulates labor contractions and milk release

How do steroid hormones act on target cells?

They enter the cell and bind intracellular receptors

How do nonsteroid hormones act on target cells?

They bind membrane receptors and use second messengers

What ion enters the neuron during depolarization?

Sodium

What ion leaves the neuron during repolarization?

Potassium

What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

-70 mV

What part of a neuron receives signals?

Dendrites

What part of a neuron sends signals away?

Axon

What part of a neuron contains the nucleus?

Cell body

What structure speeds nerve impulse conduction?

Myelin sheath

Who forms myelin in the CNS?

Oligodendrocytes

What glial cells form myelin in the PNS?

Schwann cells

What glial cells protect and support neurons in the CNS?

Astrocytes

What glial cells perform phagocytosis in the CNS?

Microglia

What glial cells produce cerebrospinal fluid?

Ependymal cells

What is the function of the cerebrum?

Conscious thought, memory, sensation, and voluntary movement

What is the function of the thalamus?

Relay station for sensory information

What is the function of the pons?

Helps regulate breathing and connects brain regions

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

Controls heart rate, breathing, and vital reflexes

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Maintains homeostasis and controls the pituitary gland

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Coordinates balance and movement

What is the function of the pineal gland?

Secretes melatonin and regulates sleep cycles

What division of the nervous system causes fight-or-flight responses?

Sympathetic nervous system

What division of the nervous system promotes rest-and-digest functions?

Parasympathetic nervous system

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

Increase heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness

What defines a reflex?

A rapid involuntary response to a stimulus

Give an example of a reflex.

Knee-jerk reflex

Give another example of a reflex.

Withdrawal from touching something hot

What is a motor unit?

One motor neuron and all muscle fibers it controls

What starts skeletal muscle contraction?

Action potential reaches neuromuscular junction

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine

What does acetylcholine cause in muscle fibers?

Depolarization of the sarcolemma

What is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during contraction?

Calcium

What does calcium bind to in muscle fibers?

Troponin

What happens when calcium binds troponin?

Tropomyosin moves to expose actin binding sites

What forms during contraction between actin and myosin?

Cross-bridges

What molecule powers the myosin head movement?

ATP

What is the power stroke?

Myosin pulling actin toward the center of the sarcomere

What ends muscle contraction?

Calcium is pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum

What bone tissue mostly makes up the diaphysis of a long bone?

Compact bone

What bone tissue mostly makes up the epiphyses of a long bone?

Spongy bone

Where are red blood cells and white blood cells produced?

Red bone marrow

What are osteocytes?

Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix

What are the wrist bones collectively called?

Carpals

A skeletal muscle attaches to what at two or more places?

Bones

If attachment remains stationary, what is it called?

Origin

If attachment moves during action, what is it called?

Insertion

What is the right lymphatic duct drainage area?

Right upper body

What is the thoracic duct drainage area?

Rest of the body

What percent of blood is formed elements?

About 45 percent

What are the formed elements of blood?

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

What makes up the liquid portion of blood?

Plasma

What is the most abundant type of white blood cell?

Neutrophils

What is the main function of red blood cells?

Transport oxygen

What is the function of platelets?

Blood clotting

What protein in red blood cells carries oxygen?

Hemoglobin

What blood cells fight infection?

White blood cells

What is hematocrit?

The percentage of blood volume made of red blood cells

What type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

Arteries

What type of blood vessel returns blood to the heart?

Veins

What is the universal recipient blood type including Rh factor?

AB positive