Multiple Choice

Legitimacy

belief authority is fair, leading to willing compliance

motivating compliance

motivatonal posture (attitudes), enforcement and reputations shape compliance

using shame and guilt can lead to resistance

Instrumental Perspective

debate - do people follow the law because of sanctions or legitimacy

deterrence + instrumental model = rational calculus (cost v. benefits)

if punishment is unlikely, crime increases

MMPs and Penal Populism

MMPs - fixed punishments (deterrence)

penal populism - supports harsh punishment (emotion > evidence)

research - leads to low deterrence and higher recidvism

Normative Compliance

Obeying the law wiithout sanctions

based on moral beliefs (right/just)

legitimacy from procedural justice (fair treatment)

Theory of Procedural Justice

fair treatment leads people to see authroity as legitimate and increases compliance

(Tom Tyler (socpsy))

Procedural Justive Steps and Stages (4)

Procedural Justice is rooted in 4 key criteria

• respect

• neutriality

• voice

• trust

Controversies in Procedural Justice Research

• procedural justice as a valuable tool for police compliance and control

• police should act fairly because it is morally right, not to increase compliance

• procedural justive may improve perception not actions

Police Role - Social Contract Perspectives

police are neutral and legitmate authroity figures who protect society from crime and disorder for common good

Police Role - Conflict Perspective

police serve the interest of powerful groups and help maintain social inequality and status quo

Police Role - Crime Fighters

police enforce laws by investigating crimes, arresting offenders, and using force when necessary, usually in reactive ways (after crime occurs)

Police Role - Social Agents

police act to maintain order and prevent problems through community-based and preventative policing

Police Practice - Role Conflict

Police experience role conflict when they must balance competing demands like crime control, rights protection, and social problem solving, leading to stress

Police Practice - Role Ambiguity

role ambiguity occurs when police face unclear expectations and unpredicatble situations, leading to confusion and withdrawal

Police Practice - Discretion

Police discretion is necessary use of judgement in decision making (arrest/force) influcend by legal and extra-legal factors

Authority of the Court

courts have monopoly over dispute resolution, and this authority depends on having a single legal system ensuring consistency

Elements of a Claim

• Act or ommision by defendent

• harm occurred

• causation

• fault

Role of Court

• resolves disputes

• interpret and apply law

• set precedent

  • they are reactive - only act when case is brought forward

  • goal - fair, consistent, and transparent outcomes

Matters before the Court

• requires legal mobilization

  • identify harm

  • assign blame

  • make a claim

• must involve claimant and target

Harm

courts only recognize legally defined harm, meaing many personal experiences are not eligible for justice

Resolving Tort

Most cases do not go to court and are settled outside of court

insruance companies are: gatekeepers deciding what to settle/fight

remedies:

• damages (money

• pecuniary (financial loss)

• general (suffering/harm)

Tort - Cultural Barriers

people often avoid suing due to personal responsibility and concerns about frivolous lawsuits

Barriers to Access of Justice

• costs

• fear of outcome

• cultural norm

• lack of knowledge

• inequality

• timely

Critical Criminology

questions the idea that law is fair, arguing that powerful groups influence what is defined as crime and who gets punished

Criminalization

process where powerful groups use law and policing to control society by defining crime and deviance throughj power relation

Social Order - Consensus Perspective

soceity generally agrees on shared values and laws, which are applied fairly for the common good

Social Order - pluralist perspective

argues that society is diverse with competing values, but still agrees on the rules of law for peaceful coexistance

Social Order - conflict perspective

law serves powerful groups and helps maintain inequality and control over marginalized groups

Capitalism and Crime

captialism produces crime by creating inequality, poverty, and competition

• encourages self-interest, materialism, and individualism over collective good

Critical Race Theory

examines how race and racism are built into systems

key ideas

• race as a social construct

• focus on structural inequality

• centres expereinces of racialized groups

• law can maintain racial hierarchies

Racialization

process where society assigns meaing to race

W.E.B Du Bois

challenged racist biological theories

developed social constructionism

• race is about power + social construction, not biology

Over and Under Policing

Over - excessive surveillance, frequent stops, harassment

Under - poor response to victims, lack of protection, victim blaming

Profiling - Conscious

• Racial Animus

  • intentional racism

  • bad apple cops

Profiling - Subconscious

Implicit bias

• automaic, unconscious stereotypes

• affects:

  • percpetion of threat

  • deicsion-making

Life in Total Institutions 4 Aspects and 2 effects

1. cointant surveillance

2. shared living onditions

3. strict schedules

4. central authroity

effects:

• loss of identity

• civil death

Prisonization

process of adapting to prison life and norms

5 Pains of Prison

• loss of freedom

• loss of goods/services

• loss of relationships

• loss of autonomy

• loss of security

Prison Code

• do not snitch

• mind your business

• stay tough

• do not exploit others

• do not side with guards

cased by:

• deprivation model - caused by prison system

• importation model - brought in from outside culture

Challenges of re-entry

• stigma

• the mark of criminal record

• stereotyping

• removal from labour markets and negative credentials

Cultural Capital

knowledge, behaviors, and values linked to success

Cultural Habitus

time spent in prison shapes mindset and behavior

Collateral Consequences of Imprisonment

indirect long term harm

include:

• loss of rights

• employment barriers

• family strain

• social exclusion

Using Work Wisedom

rebuilding identity to fit into society (dramaturgical sociology)

Retraining for Workforce

Hit and quit it

• take responsibility

• avoid excuses

• show growth and rehabilitation

reconstructing Bodily Habitus

• change in physical behavios from prison:

  • less agressive

  • controlled movement

  • less dominance

reconstructing self-presentation

• dress mainstream

• speak professional

• avoid street identity signals