Diabetes Mellitus and Urinary Tract Infections Lecture Notes

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the etiology, diagnosis, manifestations, and complications of Diabetes Mellitus and Urinary Tract Infections.

Diabetes Mellitus

A metabolic disorder resulting from inadequate production of insulin or insulin resistance, causing high blood glucose levels.

Type 1 DM

A condition where the body makes little to no insulin due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, requiring exogenous insulin and carrying a higher risk for DKA.

Type 2 DM

A condition characterized by insulin resistance and the inability of cells to respond to insulin, often featuring a gradual onset where hyperglycemia may occur for years before diagnosis.

Polyphagia

Increased hunger; one of the three "P's" of clinical manifestations for diabetes.

Polydipsia

Increased thirst; one of the three "P's" of clinical manifestations for diabetes.

Polyuria

Frequent urination; one of the three "P's" of clinical manifestations for diabetes.

Diabetic Nephropathy

Kidney damage occurring as a comorbidity or complication of diabetes.

Diabetic Retinopathy

Eye damage occurring as a comorbidity or complication of diabetes.

Diabetic Neuropathy

Nerve damage occurring as a comorbidity or complication of diabetes.

HbA1c

A diagnostic test for blood glucose control where a result of $>6.5\%$ is used to diagnose diabetes.

Fasting glucose

A diagnostic test for diabetes where a value $>126\,mg/dL$ indicates the condition.

Rapid acting insulin

A category of insulin medications that includes Lispro, Aspart, and Glulisine.

Hyperglycemia

High blood sugar, defined as $>250\,mg/dL$, characterized by hot dry skin, fruity breath, and blurred vision.

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar, defined as $<70\,mg/dL$, characterized by cool skin, diaphoresis, confusion, and treated with the 15/15 rule, glucagon, or D50.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)

Infections that occur when bacteria, most commonly E. coli, enter the urinary system and cause inflammation.

Cystitis

A type of lower UTI specifically involving a bladder infection.

Urethritis

A type of lower UTI specifically involving infection or inflammation of the urethra.

Pyelonephritis

A type of upper UTI involving a kidney infection; it can occur if a lower infection spreads.

Dysuria

Painful urination, a clinical manifestation of a UTI.

Pyuria

The presence of white blood cells or pus in the urine.

Hematuria

The presence of blood in the urine.

Nocturia

The clinical manifestation of urinating at night.

Urinalysis

A diagnostic test that checks urine for infection and abnormalities, looking for markers like nitrites and leukocyte esterase.

Culture & Sensitivity

A diagnostic test that identifies the exact organism causing a UTI and determines the appropriate antibiotic for treatment.

BUN

Blood Urea Nitrogen, a kidney function test with a normal range of $8-20\,mg/dL$.

Creatinine

A kidney function test with a normal range of $0.6-1.2\,mg/dL$.

Phenazopyridine

A medication used to relieve urinary pain and burning associated with UTIs.

Urosepsis

A life-threatening bloodstream infection that can result from a urinary tract infection.