All of the Practice Question for Physiology Final

Which of the following is part of the afferent pathway of negative feedback regulation in response to an increase in body temperature?

sensory receptors detect an increase in body temperature

Two excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) occur at the same time but at different locations of the cell body of a neuron. Together these two EPSPS produce a shift in membrane potential of the cell body. This is an example

spatial summation

Which of the following is the least soluble in water and can freely cross the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membranes?

cholesterol

Which of the following is a component of the afferent pathway of the withdrawal reflex?

nociceptors

Which of the following organ changes would occur with increased activation of the parasympathetic nervous system?

increased gastrointestinal motility

A patient is administered a drug that is a nicotinic receptor antagonist. Which effect would this drug have on skeletal muscle?

muscle paralysis

An increase in intracellular calcium stimulates fusion of vesicles containing neurotransmitters with the plasma membrane of axon terminals of neurons and release of these neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. This type of transport is called

exocytosis

A neurotransmitter binds to a channel in the plasma membrane. This binding then stimulates the channel to open and allows sodium to pass through. This channel is an example of a (an)

ionotropic receptor

Osmosis, movement of water across a semi -permeable membrane, is a considered which of the following types of transport?

passive transport

An increase in stimulus intensity at a sensory neuron is coded by a change in action potential ______ .

frequency

The process of stimulating smooth muscle contraction involves which of the following changes?

increased myosin light chain kinase activity

Which of the following is a mechanism to terminate neurotransmitter activity within a synapse?

enzymatic breakdown of the neurotransmitter

When given together, Drug A has a saturation of 75% at its binding site and Drug B has a saturation of 25% at the same binding site. What does this information tell you?

Drug A has a higher affinity for the binding site than Drug B

A key feature of sensory receptors is that each type of sensory receptor is sensitive to_____ stimuli.

specific

At the resting membrane potential of a neuron, the cell membrane of a neuron is most permeable to which of the following ions?

potassium

The relationship between the equilibrium potential of an ion and the resting membrane potential of a neuron is best described by which of the following statements?

The RMP is determined by both the equilibrium potential of ions and permeability.

Voluntary movement of skeletal muscle is initiated within

the cerebral cortex

Action potentials pass rapidly from one cardiac muscle cell to another because of the presence of

gap junctions

Which of the following neurotransmitters are released at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle?

acetylcholine

During a graded potential at the cell body/dendrite of a neuron, opening a Cl- channel ( i.e. GABA)allows Cl- ions to move __________ the cell which then makes the inside of the cell ______ negative and results in the development of an__________?

Inside, more, IPSP

Along the neuronal cell membrane, action potentials are initiated by opening of which of the following channels?

Voltage-gated Na+ channels

Within the autonomic nervous system, acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released from preganglionic neurons of the

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Opening a sodium channel allows sodium ions to move __________ the cell which then makes the inside of the cell ______ negative?

Inside; less

Which of the following types of receptors are typically in the nucleus of the cell?

Glucocorticoid & Mineralocorticoid Receptors

The process by which a target endocrine organ hormone eventually decreases on its own synthesis/release is known as what?

Negative Feedback

Pitocoin is a synthetic version of the neuropeptide oxytocin, and thus can most readily be used for what purpose?

Induction of labor via facilitation of uterine contractions

The protein channels that are inserted into the collecting duct of the kidney following activation of vasopressin V2 receptors are called what?

Aquaporins

Administration of propylthiouracil (a drug that blocks thyroid peroxidase activity) will most likely reduce thyroid function, thereby causing

Reduced metabolic rate

The major regulator of synthesis and release of parathyroid hormone is

Calcium

The _____ is comprised of modified nervous system tissues and mediates the fast response to stress

Adrenal Medulla

In females milk delivery is stimulated by

Oxytocin & Breastfeeding or pumping; Breastfeeding or pumping

The primary signaling factor stimulated by Growth Hormone is

Insulin-like Growth Factor

Catecholamines affect blood glucose levels by _____ insulin release and _____ glucagon release

Decreasing; Increasing

Aquaporins levels are increased in the _____ following stimulation of _____ receptors.

Kidney collecting duct; vasopressin V2

Many tumors contain receptors for growth factors that they themselves secrete, leading to rapid growth and proliferation. This is an example of

Autocrine Signaling

Cortisol is a _____ hormone, meaning it is _____

steroid; lipophilic

Some body builders and professional athletes abuse both insulin and human GH. Why would they?

Anabolic effects on protein metabolism

Which hormone is released by the hypothalamus to kick off the HPA axis?

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

You have a patient with an autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas. What would you expect to see in her blood work?

Decreased insulin; increased glucose

What determines a hormone's specific ability to regulate a cell of tissue in the body?

Its ability to bind to a specific receptor

Steroid hormones include which of the following?

Sex hormones and adrenal cortical hormones.

After consuming a District Donut, which hormone would be expected to increase the most?

Insulin

Which of the following is a physiological function that is mediated by a hormone released by the posterior pituitary?

Uterine contractions

Which of the following hormones would be expected to increase by the middle of the afternoon if you were studying all day for a test and skipped breakfast and lunch?

Glucagon

Allergic reactions are often facilitated by histamine being released by one cell and activating another, neighboring cell. Anti-histamines work by blocking this type of signaling, termed_____ signaling.

Paracrine

If your Hydro Flask is out of reach, the following hormone will be working to prevent dehydration even before you feel thirsty

Arginine vasopressin

Osteoclasts are activated by _____ and inhibited by_____

Parathyroid hormone; calcitonin.

A drug company is offering to take you on as a paid consultant. They are working on new therapies for osteoporosis. To prevent bone loss in patients, you advise them to work on drugs that will block the actions of which peptide hormone?

Parathyroid hormone

Adult pituitary tumors that decrease the synthesis and release of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) will lead to which outcomes?

Less GH & weaker bones & muscle; Less IGF-1 & weaker bones & muscle

Aldosterone primarily acts on which kind of receptors that regulate gene expression of sodium channels to retain sodium in the body?

Nuclear receptors in the kidney

What major physiological process is inhibited by glucocorticoids?

Reproductive system activity

Catecholamines are likely to _______ blood glucose levels.

Increase

Ovulation occurs in women during

Mid-Point of Menstrual Cycle

Levels of what hormone is normally very low in women throughout the day unless breastfeeding?

Prolactin

Erection of the penis is associated with

Vasodilation of arteries in penis

Compared to women, what added benefits do men get from relatively higher testosterone levels?

increased muscle mass and bone density

Growth and maturation of the uterine lining during the second half of the menstrual cycle is supported by the actions of which two hormones?

Progesterone and Estrogen

Older men will have ______ sperm compared to young men, while older women will have _____ responsive follicles/eggs compared to young women.

same number of; fewer.

You work at Children's Hospital and your 15-year-old patient has an anterior pituitary tumor that causes excessive release of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and also makes the HPS resistant to negative feedback. You would expect blood levels of GH and IGF-1 to be

Higher

Osmoreceptors are located in the ______ , while baroreceptors are located in the _____ .

Hypothalamus, vasculature

_______ is released from chief cells and converted to_______ by _____ pH in the stomach.

pepsinogen; pepsin; a low

The ileum of the small intestine is the main site of absorption of

vitamin B12 and intrinsic factor

The hormone _____ is stimulated to be released by the presence of breakdown products of fats and proteins in the small intestine whereas the hormone ____ is stimulated to be released by acidic pH in the small intestine.

CCK; secretin

Digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine relies on the enzymatic action of

pancreatic amylase and brush border enzymes.

Breakdown products of which of the following macronutrients are absorbed into lacteals of the lymphatic system?

fats

Gastrin is a hormone that is produced by the stomach and stimulates which of the following effects on the GI system?

increases acid secretion by the stomach

Chemical digestion of protein begins in the ____ through the action of the enzyme_____.

stomach; pepsin

Which of the following forms of gastrointestinal motility is responsible for the forward movement of gut contents through the small intestine?

peristalsis

At the end (last stage) of the swallowing reflex

the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes

Intrinsic factor is secreted by ____ cells of the stomach and is important for ____ absorption.

parietal cells; Vitamin B12

During fasting, residual food particles are moved through the GI tract by which of the following motility patterns?

Migrating Motor Complex

During the cephalic phase of digestion

Acetylcholine (ACh) stimulates salivary gland secretion

Gastric emptying is inhibited by

distension of the intestinal wall

Which of the following organs secretes the enzyme amylase?

salivary glands and the pancreas

The MAJORITY of nutrient absorption takes place in the

small intestine

Which of the following hormone is mainly responsible for stimulating bicarbonate secretion of the pancreas?

Secretin

Which of the following changes would increase gastric acid secretion?

decreased somatostatin production

Which of the following components of bile is utilized to form micelles and solubilize lipids?

bile salts

Which of the following enzymes is secreted from the intestinal epithelium?

enterokinase

Which of the following statements most accurately describes an event that occurs with the GASTRIC phase of digestion?

The stomach relaxes just prior to the arrival of a bolus from the esophagus.

Which of the following has a role in preventing the formation of blood clots?

nitric oxide

Action potentials of cardiac muscle, nodal cells and neurons all involve

repolarization due to opening of voltage gated potassium channels

If the radius of an artery were doubled, the resistance in that artery would be _____ (increased; decreased) by a factor of _______ (four, sixteen).

Decreased; sixteen.

Which of the following components of the conduction system have the fastest conduction velocity?

purkinje fibers

Red blood cells have a life span of approximately ____ days and are then broken down with the _____.

120 days ; liver and spleen

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the spread of action potentials to the ventricular muscle?

septum->apex--> base

During the pacemaker potential of the sino-atrial (SA) nodal cells the membrane becomes depolarized due to

sodium entry into the cell through the voltage gated non-selective cation channel HCN channels

Blood flow is inversely proportional to _______ and directly proportional to _______.

resistance; pressure gradient

Which of the following changes would you expect to increase an individual's hematocrit?

increased release of EPO

The hyperpolarization cyclic nucleotide gated non-selective cation (HCN) channel is found in _____ and is open during the ______.

nodal cells; pacemaker potential

Increased Influx of calcium through voltage gated L-type calcium channels occurs during the_______ phase of the cardiac muscle cell.

Plateau

Which of the following changes in Starling Forces would favor increased filtration of fluid output of the capillaries and into the interstitium?

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

The first heart sound is heard when the ___ valves closed and is heard at the onset of ____.

AV; systole

Capillaries usually tend to absorb fluid

at the venular end.

Which of the following statements is most accurate about the regulation of the SA node by the sympathetic nervous system?

Norepinephrine binds to β-1 receptors to increase heart rate

A patient undergoes echocardiography which reveals an EDV of 120 mL and an ESV of 80 mL. At the time of the echocardiography her HR was 100 beats per minute. Given these numbers, calculate the stroke volume and ejection fraction.

SV 40 mL; EF 33%

Which of the following blood vessel types is characterized as having high elastance and low compliance?

aorta and large arteries

According to the Frank-Starling law of the heart, stroke volume increases with increases in

end diastolic volume

An individual experiences a sudden decrease in blood pressure which activates the baroreceptor reflex. This compensatory reflex operates to restore blood pressure and involves multiple cardiovascular changes to return blood pressure back to normal. Which of the following is one of these compensatory changes to return blood pressure back to normal?

increased systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

Which of the following would result most likely in decrease venous pressure and decrease venous return?

Decreased amount of blood in veins