Personal Psychology

What occurs during the Babbling Stage of language acquisition?

Infants produce non-imitative sounds like 'ah-goo' (around 4 months).

Define the One-Word Stage in language acquisition.

Single words represent entire thoughts, e.g., 'Doggy' (around 1 year).

What characterizes the Two-Word Stage of language acquisition?

Telegraphic speech with two-word phrases, e.g., 'Go car' (around 2 years).

What does the Critical Period Hypothesis suggest about language learning?

Language learning is most effective in early childhood, with a decline after puberty.

What are the key ideas in the Nature vs. Nurture Debate about language?

Skinner: Language develops through imitation and reinforcement; Chomsky: Innate 'Language Acquisition Device' (LAD).

What is Lev Vygotsky's view on language learning?

Language learning is a social process.

What are Gross Motor Skills and their milestones?

Involve large muscles; milestones include lifting the head (2 months), sitting unsupported (6 months), walking (12 months), climbing stairs (17 months).

Define Fine Motor Skills and list key milestones.

Precise hand and finger movements; milestones include grasping objects (0-3 months), passing toys between hands (3-6 months), using the pincer grasp (9-12 months).

How does the environment affect motor skill development?

Enriched environments speed skill acquisition; impoverished ones delay it.

What are schemes in Piaget's theory?

Mental structures used to understand the world.

Name Piaget's stages of cognitive development and key features.

Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): Object permanence develops; Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): Egocentrism; difficulty with conservation; Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): Logical thinking and reversibility; Formal Operational Stage (11+ years): Abstract and hypothetical thinking.

Describe the conflict in the Trust vs. Mistrust stage.

Trust develops with consistent care; neglect leads to mistrust (0-1.5 years).

What is the main challenge in the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?

Adolescents explore self-identity; confusion leads to uncertainty (12-18 years).

What happens in the Integrity vs. Despair stage?

Reflection on life leads to either integrity or despair (65+ years).

Describe the outcomes of Permissive Parenting.

Few rules, high warmth; results in impulsive, irresponsible children.

What are the effects of Authoritarian Parenting?

Strict rules, low warmth; can cause anxiety and low self-esteem.

Why is Authoritative Parenting considered ideal?

Balanced warmth and rules; fosters independence and confidence.

What are the steps of the Scientific Method?

Formulate a question, hypothesize, experiment, and analyze.

List four common research techniques.

Experiments, surveys, naturalistic observation, and case studies.

What is the difference between correlation and causation?

Correlation does not imply causation.

What are the ethical considerations in psychological research?

Informed consent, confidentiality, and minimizing harm.

• Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)

Object permanence develops.

Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)

Egocentrism; difficulty with conservation.

Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)

Logical thinking and reversibility.

Formal Operational Stage (11+ years)

Abstract and hypothetical thinking.

Skinner

Language develops through imitation and reinforcement.

Chomsky

Humans have an innate "Language Acquisition Device" (LAD).