CHY4U West & The World: Revolution to Restoration

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers the social conditions, key events, and primary figures of the French Revolution and the subsequent Age of Napoleon as detailed in the lecture transcript.

Enlightenment Ideals

The philosophy of thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau that radically altered 18th-century perceptions of social and political equality.

Seigneur

A landholder to whom peasants were required to pay taxes, alongside payments to royalty and priests.

Estates-General

The legislative body divided into the clergy, nobility, and commons that was called by Louis XVI in $1788$ to address a dire economic situation.

Tennis Court Oath

An oath sworn on June $20$, $1789$, by the 3rd Estate after being locked out of their meeting hall, declaring themselves the National Assembly of France.

Bastille

A Paris state prison and symbol of state oppression that was stormed by a crowd on July $14$, $1789$.

September Massacres

The $1792$ killing of at least $1200$ people by the Jacobins, following trials held by "mob courts."

French Republic

Established on September $21$, $1792$, following the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly and the abolition of the monarchy.

Political Spectrum

An organizational concept born in the French Republic's semi-circle seating where radicals sat on the left and conservatives sat on the right.

Reign of Terror

A period of intense violence between leaders in Paris and enemies of the Revolution, resulting in up to $40000$ deaths.

9 Thermidor

The date on the revolutionary calendar marking the death of Robespierre and the end of the government's most radical phase.

The Directory

A more conservative government body that rose to power after the demise of the Jacobin radicals.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A Corsican-born military leader who became Commander in Chief of the French Army in $1796$ and later became Emperor in May $1804$.

Rosetta Stone

An ancient artifact brought back from Egypt by Napoleon that allowed scholars to decipher hieroglyphics.

Concordat

A July $1801$ agreement with the Pope stating that Roman Catholicism was the religion of the majority in France.

Lycee

The name for secondary schools within Napoleon's organized centralized school system.

The Code Napoleon

A organized civil law code established in $1804$ that provided legal reforms and served as the foundation for many legal systems, including Quebec.

Elba

The Mediterranean island where Napoleon was first exiled on April $11$, $1814$, following his abdication.

Battle of Waterloo

The site of Napoleon's final military defeat in $1815$, leading to his second exile.

St. Helena

The island where Napoleon was exiled for a second time and where he died in $1821$.

Jacques-Louis David

The official painter of Emperor Napoleon who rejected rococo styles in favor of more classical styles with moral messages.

Ludwig von Beethoven

A composer popular in Vienna who worshipped Napoleon and overcame his deafness through music.