Test 1 College History

Economic motives

Europeans sought to exploit new trade routes and resources like gold and spices.

Religious zeal

Christianity, particularly Catholicism, motivated explorers to spread the faith and convert indigenous populations.

Competition

European powers raced to claim territories and expand their empires, driven by rivalries.

Great League of Peace

A coalition of Iroquois tribes aimed at reducing internal conflict and strengthening against external threats.

Conquistadores

Spanish conquerors who led military expeditions in the Americas.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods, people, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, transforming agriculture and economies.

Mestizos

Individuals of mixed European and Native American ancestry.

Creoles

People of European descent born in the colonies, distinct from those born in Europe.

Enclosure movement

The privatization of common land in England, leading to increased emigration.

Headright system

A land grant program that attracted settlers by offering land for each servant or family member brought to the colony.

Puritans/Pilgrims

Religious dissenters who sought freedom from the Church of England by settling in New England.

Great Migration

The mass emigration of Puritans to New England during the 1630s.

Dissenters

Individuals who separated from the Church of England and faced persecution.

Half-Way Covenant

A form of partial church membership for the descendants of Puritan settlers.

Maryland Toleration Act

A 1649 law mandating religious tolerance for Christians in Maryland.

Bacon’s Rebellion

A 1676 revolt in Virginia highlighting class divisions and increasing reliance on African slaves.

Salem Witch Trials

A 1692 event in Massachusetts reflecting social tensions and religious zeal through witchcraft accusations.

King Philip’s War

A conflict between New England settlers and Native Americans led by Metacom (King Philip).

Mercantilism

An economic policy promoting government regulation of the economy to enrich the mother country.

Navigation Acts

Laws governing colonial trade to ensure it benefited England.

Quakers

A religious group advocating for pacifism and equality, settled in Pennsylvania.

Staple crops

Major crops like tobacco, sugar, and rice that dominated southern colonies' economies.

Middle Passage

The brutal sea journey of enslaved Africans to the Americas, marked by horrific conditions.

Yeoman farmers

Small landowners who farmed their land without the use of slaves.

Republicanism

A political ideology focused on civic virtue and the common good in colonial America.

Liberalism

A political philosophy emphasizing individual rights and freedoms.

Salutary neglect

Britain's policy of loosely enforcing colonial regulations, allowing self-governance.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason and science, influencing colonial leaders.

Deism

A belief in a Creator who does not intervene in the universe, associated with Enlightenment thinkers.

Great Awakening

A religious revival movement emphasizing personal faith and challenging established churches.

Seven Years' War/French and Indian War

A conflict resulting in British control over French Canada.

Proclamation of 1763

A British decree restricting colonial expansion west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Albany Plan of Union

Benjamin Franklin's proposal for a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies, which was rejected.