Motivation, Emotion, and Stress- Psychology

Unit 8 in the Textbook, Motivation (modules 37-44)

Motivation

A need or desire that directs behavior

Instinct

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Physiological Needs

A basic bodily requirement

Drive-Reduction Theory

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Incentives

A positive or negative environmental stimulus motivates behavior

Yerkes-Dodson Law

The principal that performance increases with arousal only up to a point

Hierarchy of Needs

Pyramid of human needs starting with physiological and ending with psychological

Set Point

The point at which your weight thermostat is set

Basal Metabolic Rate

The body’s resting rate of energy output

Affiliation Need

The need to build relationships and feel a part of a group

Ostracism

Deliberate social exclusion of an individual or group

Achievement Motivation

A desire for significant accomplishment

James-Lange Theory

The theory that our experience of emotions is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus

Cannon-Bard Theory

The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus triggers both physiological responses and the experience of emotion

Two Factor Theory

Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

Facial Feedback Effect

The tendency of facial muscles states to trigger corresponding feelings

Behavior Feedback Effect

The tendency of behavior to influence our own and other’s thoughts, feelings, and actions

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases- alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Type A

Competitive, hard-working, verbally aggressive, anger-prone people

Type B

Easy-going, relaxed people

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

People’s tendency to help others when in a good mood

Subjective well-being

Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon

Our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

Relative Deprivation

The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Abraham Maslow

Created the hierarchy of needs

Alfred Kinsey, William Masters, Virginia Johnson

Developed the sexual response cycle

Walter Cannon

Developed the cannon-bard theory

Stanley Schachtler

Developed the two-factor theory

Robert Zajonc, Joseph LeDoux

Concluded that we can have many emotional reactions before our conscious interpretation of a situation

Richard Lazarus

Believed that some emotional responses do not require conscious thinking

Hans Selye

Developed the GAS theory

Martin Seligman

Was the president of the APA and used positive psychology