Biol 3446-001 Preliminary Exam #5 Review

These flashcards cover key definitions and concepts from the lecture on the lymphatic, immune, endocrine, and digestive systems, preparing the student for their upcoming exam.

Lymphatic System

Returns excess tissue fluid to the blood vascular system and fights disease.

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Includes bone marrow and thymus where lymphocyte maturation occurs.

Thymus

Site where immature lymphocytes develop into T lymphocytes.

Lymph Nodes

Cleanse lymph of pathogens and activate B & T lymphocytes.

Spleen

Largest lymphoid organ responsible for blood cleansing, removal of bloodborne antigens, and site of B cell maturation.

Tonsils

Simplest lymphoid organs arranged in a ring to gather and remove pathogens.

Flow of Lymph

Flow only toward the heart, propelled by muscular tunica media and the contraction of surrounding skeletal muscles.

Innate Immunity

The body's immediate response to pathogens, including phagocytosis and natural killer cells.

B Lymphocytes

Attack foreign cells directly and differentiate into plasma cells which secrete antibodies.

T Lymphocytes

Include helper T cells which stimulate immune responses and cytotoxic T cells which destroy infected or cancerous cells.

Lymph Composition

Consists of excess tissue fluid, waste products, lymphocytes, and proteins.

Chylothorax

Condition where fatty lymph leaks into the thoracic cavity and can compress lungs.

Vaccination

Process that mimics acquired immunity by exposing the body to a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen.

Chemical Messengers

Hormones secreted by the endocrine system that circulate throughout the body.

Thyroid Gland

Secretes hormones like T3 and T4 which regulate metabolism.

Acromegaly

Condition resulting from hypersecretion of growth hormone leading to enlargement of certain body parts.

Respiratory Mucosa

Filter and warm incoming air and produce mucus to trap particles.

Alveoli

Main sites of gas exchange in the lungs.

Hemoglobin

Protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange.

Max Capacity of Stomach

1.5 to 4 liters, involving mechanical breakdown into chyme.