Exam 1 Week 2 Notes

Sections of Limbs

longitudinal, transverse, oblique

Types of Joints:

fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, synovial joints

Synovial Joint Types

plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

Architecture & shape of Skeletal Muscles

fusiform (biceps brachii), flat (external oblique), bipennate (rectus femoris), unipennate, convergent (Pec), multi-pennate (deltoid)

triangle of auscultation

- inferior border of trap, medial border of rhom major, sup border of lat

Scap rhythm

- Scapula rotates for the first 60 degrees (scapulothoracic joint)

- Humerus for the second 120 degrees

- 1:2 ratio

What ligaments strengthen the Anterior aspect of the GH joint

- acromioclavicular lig, coracohumoral lig, GH ligaments

What ligaments strengthen the Superior aspect of the GH joint

coracohumeral ligament

subacromial and subdeltoid bursae

We will see white on an MRI

- We don't wanna see a lot of fluid

Glenoid Labrum

fibrocartilage rim of the glenoid fossa; serves to deepen the socket, provide protection, stability, inc surface area

Fractures of the clavicle

- Caused by FOOSH

- Classified by: Proximal, medial, distal

- Surgery needed for open fractures, neurovascular injury, and unstable distal fractures

- Nonunion: 2 bones don't come together

Proximal humerus fractures

- high-energy trauma

- age, linked to osteoporosis

- nondisplaced (one part) and displaced fractures (2,3,4 part)

- only 5% of fractures

Humerus fracture complications:

- Avascular necrosis (4-part fractures)

- Neural injury: brachial plexus or cervical plexus

Acromioclavicular separation:

- A traumatic sprain to the AC joint

- Usually caused by a direct blow to the shoulder (downward force on the acromion process)

- Grade 1: Mild, grade 2: moderate, grade 3: severe

Glenohumeral dislocation:

- Anterior is the most common

- Subluxation: the 2 aren't fully separated

- dislocation: the 2 are fully separated

Hill-Sachs Lesion:

- Compression fracture of the posterolateral humeral head

- Occurs during dislocation

Bankhart Lesion:

- Bony avulsion of the anterinferior rim of the glenoid

- Seen with a Hill-Sachs lesion

Glenoid labrum tears

- traumatic or degenerative

- dislocations or FOOSH

- involve biceps anchor: sup glenoid tubercle and adjacent labrum

- avulsions of glenoid rim'

- SLAP tears

Two main Veins:

- Cephalic Vein (lateral)

* Goes to the clavipectoral

- Basilic Vein (medial)

Lymph Systems:

- vessels to nodes to trunks to ducts

- Mostly drains to the left venous angle but sometimes to the right

Right Lymphatic Ducts:

- right interjugular vein

- right subclavian vein

Thoracic Ducts:

- left intrgugular vein

- left subclavian vein

Anterior Ramus:

This is where most named nerves come from

Peripheral cutaneous nerves

- contain fibers from more than one spinal nerve or spinal segment

Long Thoracic Nerve Injury

Winged Scapula

rotator cuff muscles

- supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

- creates movement in multiple directions

- As you ABD, the head of the humerus has to stay depressed

Supraspinatus tear

can be repaired by stitching it to the remaining supra, which covers the humerus, as it is on the side of the greater tubercle

Long Head Biceps Rupture

- Very quick, and the pain goes away

- POPEYES!

- Empty bicipital groove

Quadrangular Space:

- Teres minor, teres major, long head of triceps humerus

- Axillary nerve

- Posterior circumflex humeral artery/vein

Trangular Space:

- Teres minor, teres major, long head of triceps

- Scapular circumflex artery

Triceps Tear