patterns of evolution

speciation

one species~isolation~2 or more new species, (offspring can’t reproduce) EX. horses and donkeys=mule but a mule can’t reproduce

extinction

species dies off

( gradual- slowly)

(mass- fast/drastic) EX. changes in climate, natural disaster

gradualism

slow/constant EX. gradual evolution of peppered moths becoming darker over time after industrial revolution

punctuated equilibrium

stability~sudden change~stability EX. changes to the mammal population during the Mesozoic and the Paleozoic eras

divergent evolution

one common ancestor~many different species. EX. a common ancestor of mammals gave rise to bears, monkeys, elephants, and koalas

convergent evolution

unrelated species that have similar traits because they live in similar environments EX. although all these animals fly, none of them are actually related ancestrally

coevolution

2 unrelated species evolve together because they interact closely EX. flowers and the insects that pollinate them