Core, NMC, Balance

Core

lumbo-pelvic-hip complex, 29-35 muscles

Multifidus

stabilizes lumbar spine, most important of lumbar

Latissimus Dorsi

LARGEST moment arm of all back

bridges upper extremities and core

Transverse Abdominis

important of abdominal group, stabilizes, optimal NMC efficiency

Agonist

moving muscle

Antagonist

resisting muscle

Prime Mover

working muscle for action

Synergist

Assisting movement for action

Static

nonmvt, postural, stabilization

Dynamic

movement

Moment Arm

length between joint arm and line of force

Length-Tension Relationships

relationship of length and tension it can generate

Force-Couple Relationship

muscle on opposing sides of jt (agonist and antagonist) work TOGETHER to provide jt stability/mvt

BOTH contracting for static movement

Neuromuscular Efficiency

body’s ability to activate CNS and use muscles

Arthrokinematics

movement of joint surfaces

Core stability tests

straight leg lowering, transverse abdominis, prone multifidus

Progression (7)

Slow → fast

simple → complex

stable → unstable

low force → high force

eyes open → eyes closed

static → dynamic

general → specific

Central Nervous System

conscious thought, brain + spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

NERVES, transmits all info

houses somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Somatic Nervous System

EFFERENT

transmits info from CNS to body, conscious movement

Autonomic Nervous System

unconscious movement

houses SYMPATHETIC and PARASYMPATHETIC NS

Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous System

counter one another for unconscious movement

Afferent Nerve Pathway

carries info TO CNS

SENSORY

Efferent nerve pathway

carry info FROM CNS

MOTOR

Interneurons

nerve fibers that intersect midline in spinal cord

Mechanoreceptors

nerve endings that respond to deformation

Articular Mechanoreceptors

SENSORY info about output frequency (amount of deformation)

classified into quick/slow adapting

Quick Adapting Articular Mechanoreceptors

stop discharging signals IMMEDIATELY after stimulus

KINESTHETIC sensations

Slow Adapting Articular Mechanoreceptors

continue discharging while stimulus is present

continuous feedback + proprioceptive info

Tenomuscular Mechanoreceptors

detect changes in muscle length/tension

classified as muscle spindles or golgi tendon organs

Muscle Spindles

detect length and rate of change, REFLEX contraction

Golgi Tendon Organs

regulate muscle activity, override muscle spindles

Cutaneous Receptors

contributes to proprioception, kinesthesia, force sense

receptors reflect pressure, KT-tape

Proprioception

conscious, unconscious appreciation of joint position

body in space

Kinesthesia

sensation of joint motion/acceleration

Force Sense

estimating joint and musculotendinous loads (if smth is heavy when lifting)

Neuromuscular Control

efferent response to sensory info

Feedforward NMC

planning mvts based on real time info and past experiences

Feedback NMC

regulating muscles thru REFLEX, slower than feedforward

Advantages of preparatory muscle activity

engages core

Electromechanical Delay

period between arrival of neural impulse and development of force

quickens by stability, stiffness (core engagement, athletic stance)

Dynamic Restraint

achieved thru prepratory and reflexive NMC, coordinates contractions while maintaining jt stability

Joint Congruency

area where bones make contact w each other in jt

increases when mm contract → jt surfaces compressed

Muscle Stiffness

ratio of change of force to change of length in mm, stuff mm resist stretching → more jt stability

Balance

postural equilibrium, feedBACK

Sensory Organization for balance (3)

Somatosensory - orientation of body parts

Vision - orientation of eyes and head

Vestibular info - gravitational, linear, angular acceleration

Muscular Coordination

temporal and sequential distribution of contractile activity among muscles

COG in females

lower

Static Balance Exercises

COG is maintained over fixed base of support, stable surface

Semi-Dynamic Balance Exercises

either unstable surface with stable support base or COG is moving thru ROM

Dynamic Balance Exercises

COG is moving on stable surface

Functional Balance Exercises

exercises tailored to specific activity