Neurology and Neurobiology Lecture Review

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers neuroglial cells, the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, components of the reflex arc, brain regions, and the mechanism of postsynaptic potentials based on lecture transcript notes.

Afferent

Input transmission towards the CNS (sensory information).

Efferent

Output transmission (motor command) outgoing from the CNS to an effector.

Astrocytes

CNS glial cells that wrap around capillaries to form the blood-brain barrier and help with glutamate uptake.

Ependymal cells

Cells that line the CSF cavity and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Microglia

Cells that engulf invading microorganisms and dead neurons; similar to a macrophage that eats debris.

Oligodendrocytes

Cells that shoot portions of their membrane to wrap around nearby axons in the CNS, making them myelinated.

Neurolemmocytes

Also known as Schwann cells in the PNS, they form myelin sheaths but can only wrap $1$ part of $1$ axon area.

Interneuron

A neuron that communicates with sensory and motor neurons within the reflex arc.

Effector

The terminal point of efferent transmission, such as a skeletal muscle.

Choroid plexus

Structure in the ventricles where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is being produced.

Cerebral aqueduct

The passage through which CSF flows from the $3rd$ ventricle into the $4th$ ventricle.

Arachnoid villi

Structures where excess CSF flows then drains into the dural venous sinuses.

Medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem responsible for regulating breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

Arbor vitae

The 'tree of life' within the cerebellum related to balance, posture, and body movement.

Tentorium cerebelli

Dura mater that tucks around and creates space for blood flow near the cerebellum.

Cauda Equina

The bundle of spinal nerves and nerve roots at the lower end of the spinal cord.

EPSP

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential; occurs when channels open and allow positive ions to diffuse in, making the interior less negative.

IPSP

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential; occurs when leak channels or chloride channels open, preventing an action potential.

Sodium ($Na^{+}$)

Ion that is abundant outside the cell and diffuses in during excitatory states.

Potassium ($K^{+}$)

Ion that is abundant inside the cell and diffuses out through leak channels.

Efferent

Receptive processes of neurons

Dendrites

Gaps in myelin sheath

Node de ranvier

CNS consists of

Brain and spinal chord

Neurons that carry an impulse from a sensory receptor to CNS

Sensory/afferent

Neurons that carry an impulse from CNS to muscles or glands

Motor/efferent

AStrocyte's

Part of blood brain barrier

Ependymal cells

Make CSF

Microglia

Remove cellular debris

Oligodendrocytes

Myelination of axons in CNS

Satellite cells

House/protect ganglia

Schwann cells

Myelination of axons in pons

Outer gray matter of cerebrum

Cerebral cortex

5 lobes of cerebral cortex; the 4 major ones are

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Parietal ‘ frontal lobe is separated by

Central sulcus

Separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal

Lateral sulcus

The motor cortex is located in

Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

Cerebral hemispheres separated by

Longitudinal fissure

Somatosensory cortex is located in

Post central gyrus of parietal lobe

Visual cortex is in

Occipital lobe

Auditory cortex is in

Temporal lobe

Flow of CSF in ventricles

1. Lateral ventricle

2. Interventricular foremen

3. Third ventricle

4. Cerebral aquaduct .

5. 4th ventricle

6. Median and lateral apertures

The diencephalon consist of

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Crossing of the optic nerve

Optic chasm

Choroid plexus of epithalamus produces

CSF

Brain stem consists of

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongota

Midbrain consists of 2 bulging ventral masses called

Cerebral peduncles

The dorsal masses all together are called

Corpora quadrimena

Medulla controls many autonomic processes, name 3

Heart rate, respiratory rate, vast motor

Cerebellum controls coordination of

Movement

White mater is referred to as tree of life

Arbor vitae

Partition cerebellum from cerebrum

Tantrum cerebelli

Region regulates intensity of movement and helps start or stop muscle movement

Basal nuclei

Your emotional brain

Lambic system

Structures that track images and turn your head towards loud and threatening sounds

Midbrain

The corpus striatum consists of

Caudate nuclei, lentiform nuclei

Portal gray horns of SC house cell bodies of

Interneurons

Subarachnoid spaces lies between

PIA mater and arachnoid

CSF flows through here

Subarachnoid space

Anesthetic can safely be injected here

Epidural space

Infection of sebaceous gland near eyelash

Sty

Lazy eye

Strabismus

Milky looking lens

Cataracts

Pink eye

Conjunctivitis

Allow for faster nerve impulses

Schwann and oligodendrocytes

Voltage operated receptors found here

Axon hillock

Perikaryon

Soma

Ligand operated receptors and graded potentials

Dendrites

Where spinal chord terminates _

Conus medullaris

Norse tail

Caudal equine

stim. Contractions in abdominal organs

Visceral motor neuron

Cell bodies found in central gray torn

Somatic motor neuron

Actual mass of sc ends at

Lumbar region

Stimulating CN XII

Results in tongue movement

Adrenal medulla is an extension of - branch of ANS and is capable of releasing -

Sympathetic; epinephrine

Major nerve plexus of upper limbs

Brachial plexus

Preganglionic cell is long

Parasympathetic

Para vertebral and prevertebral ganglia are part of this system

Sympathetic

An ascending pathway

Sensory info. From body to brain

Descending pathway

Motor into from brain to muscle and glands

Cranial nerve 1

Offactory, smell

Cranial nerve 2

Optic - sensory vision

Cranial nerve 3

Oculomotor, eye movement

Cranial Rene 4

Troclear eye movement

CN 5

Trigeminal, facial sensations and chewing

CN 6

Abducens, eye movement (Lr)

CN 7

Facial, facial expression and taste

CN 8

Vestibulocochlear, sensory hearing and balance

CN 9

Glossopharyngeal, taste, swallowing, saliva

Un 10

Vagus, autonomic control of heart, lungs, digestion, voice, swallow.

CN II

Accessory, head rotation shoulder elevation

IN 12

Hypoglossal, tongue movement