Overall Bio Lab Quick Facts

DNA charge

Negative → moves to positive electrode

Small DNA

Moves farther/faster

DNA ladder

Known sizes to compare

Restriction enzymes

Cut DNA at specific sites

See DNA

Stain + UV light

Spectrophotometer

Measures absorbance

Lambda max

Peak wavelength for your sample

Blank

Zero out with water/buffer

Standard curve

Match absorbance → concentration

More enzyme

Faster reaction

ONPG

Clear substrate → turns yellow when cleaved (cut)

Total magnification

Ocular × objective

Onion root tip

Meristem region = where cells divide

Interphase

Most cells here (not mitosis)

C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

Dilutions

M = moles / liters

Molarity

grams = M × L × MW

Making solutions

% = (grams / mL) × 100

Percent solutions