Intro to companion exam 2

what is the SOAP format

Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan

what goes under subjective in the SOAP format

signalment: age, breed, sex

history

problems

what goes under objective in the SOAP format

TPR, physical exam findings, testing

what goes under assessment in the SOAP format

differential diagnoses, lab findings

what goes under plan in SOAP format

treatment

what is the instrument used for checking ears

otoscope

what does CRT stand for

capillary refill time

what is the routine testing for pets

fecal, heartworm test, FeLV/ FIV cats, bloodwork, urine

what is the basic flea life cycle

egg, larva, pupae, adult

what stage of the flea cycle they are impossible to kill in

pupae

why will someone see fleas 3-6 months after cleaning the environment and treating the animal

all the pupae will hatch around 3-6 months later

which tick can carry a disease called ehrlichia

american dog tick

what does WNL mean

"within normal limits"

what is dystocia

difficult birth

what is parturition

giving birth

what defines a litter

a group of offspring born during the same labor

what is estrus

heat

what is ovariohysterectomy

"spay" removing the ovaries and uterus

what is castration

"neuter" removing the testicles

what is fertilization

joining of the egg and sperm

what is copulation

breeding

what is gestation

length of pregnancy from fertilization to partuition

what is the reproductive system

organs responsible for producing offspring

what is theriogenology

study of reproduction

what are genitals or genitalia

male and female reproductive organs

when does puberty hit in dogs

6 months

what is the estrous cycle in dogs

usually polyestrous 6-8 months (4-6 months anestrus)

how long is the estrus (heat) cycle in dogs

5-10 days

when do dogs ovulate

day 4 of estrus

how long are dogs gestation

62 days

how long are cats gestation period

62 days

when do cats ovulate

spontaneously

what are the different shapes of the penis

bull- S-shaped (sigmoid flexure)

boar- corkscrew shaped

dog- os penis (bone)

horse- very vascular

what is the corpus cavernosum

main structure of penis tissue, highly vascular (many capillaries), capable of trapping blood (erection)

where is the urethra

runs through the middle

what is the prepuce

double folded lining that covers the penis

what is the sheath

external opening

where is the glans penis

tip of penis, sensitive area

what are the 2 important muscles

retractor penis muscle and ischiocavernosus muscle

what does the retractor penis muscle do

aids in retraction of the penis

what does the ischiocavernosus muscle do

aids in erection process; contracts penis against ischium of the pelvis causing blood to be trapped in the penis

what are the 3 functions of the penis

transport of semen, urination, organ of copulation

what do the cells of leydig do

produce hormone testosterone

what do sertoli cells do

provide nutrition for maturing sperm

what does rete testis do

collection duct where maturing spermatozoa go to the epididymis

what is important about the epididymis

receives spermatozoa from the rete testis; storage and maturation of sperm

what is the vas deferens and what does it do

thick tube; transports sperm from the tail of the epididymis to the urethra (ampulla)

what is the spermatic cord

suspends the testicle and contains arteries, veins, nerves (pampiniform plexus)

what does the cremaster muscle do

allows the testicles to move closer or further away from the body for temperature regulation

where is the cremaster muscle located

muscle that lies near the spermatic cord

where is the tunica albuginea located

outside covering of the testicles and penis thinner capsule; tightly adhered to the testicle

where is the tunica vaginalis

white and shiny thick capsule; first structure you will see after excising the scrotum

what is the gubernaculum testis

ligament hooks the testicle to the scrotum and guides the testicle to scrotum

what are the seminiferous tubules

tubes where spermatogenesis takes place; massive numbers of tubules in the testicles

what is the scrotum

outside covering of the testicle, protects the testicles

what is important about the dartos muscle in the scrotum

important muscle for thermoregulation of the testicles

what 2 muscles help with thermoregulation on the testicles

cremaster muscle outside the spermatic cord and the dartos muscle in the scrotum

what are the parts of the sperm

head, midpiece, and tail

do cats have an ampulla

no

what is present in all domestic animals except the dog

bulbourethral

what does the bulbus glandis do

locks the penis in the female before ejaculation; "tying up"

what does the ovary do

produces an egg, estrogen and progesterone

where does fertilization take place

oviduct (uterine tubes), ampulla

what are the two types of the uterus

bicornuate and bipartite

what are the three layers of the uterus

mesometrium (serosa), myometrium, and endometrium

what are the ligaments of the female reproductive tract

suspensory ligament of the ovary, broad ligament of the uterus, proper ligament of the ovary

what is the urethral diverticulum

urethral opening on the vaginal floor, urination

what is in the follicular phase

proestrus and estrus

what is in the luteal phase

metestrus and diestrus

what is polyestrous

more than 1 estrous cycle per year

what is pseudopregnancy

false pregnancy

what is the dominant follicle

the follicle that matures while the others deteriorate

what are the 4 steps of the estrous cycle

proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus

what is a tumor

uncontrolled cell growth

what is malignant

cancer

what is benign

non-cancer

hypo-

below normal

hyper-

above normal

what is metastatic

ability to spread to other areas of the body

what is polyuria

increased urination

polydipsia

increased thirst

what is anorexia

not eating

what is alopecia

hair loss

what is bradycardia

slow heart rate

what is tachycardia

fast heart rate

what is dyspnea

difficulty breathing

what is incontinence

leaking; urinary/ fecal

what is formed once the nuclei of the ovum and sperm fuse

a zygote

what is polyspermia

more than 1 sperm enters the ovum; usually dies within 3-4 days

what does the vitelline membrane do in the ovum

rotate and closes the opening so only 1 sperm is allowed in

what is a zygote and what does it do

fertilized egg; travels down the oviduct to the uterine; day 1-3

what is the embryo

fertilized egg before the implantation in the uterus

what is type 1 diabetes

very low or absent insulin secretion, insulin dependent, patients MUST take insulin because the body does not make it correctly

what is type 2 diabetes

inadequate or delayed insulin secretion, obesity, over abundance of glucose in the blood

what is a clinical sign that immediately means something to do with diabetes mellitus

plantigrade stance in cats

what is a fetus

fertilized egg after implantation in the uterus; forms the placenta

what is diabetes insipidus

disorder of water balance

what is a placenta

surrounds the fetus, attached to the uterus, important for protection and nutrition of fetus

what is hypothyroidism

low thyroid hormone

what is hypothermic

low body temperature