Logical Fallicies

Causation fallacy

The causation fallacy occurs when it is assumed that because one event follows another, the first event must be the cause of the second.

Equivocation

A logical fallacy that occurs when a word with multiple meanings is used in an argument, leading to a misleading or false conclusion.

False Equivelence

A logical fallacy that occurs when two distinct situations or arguments are presented as being equivalent.

Hasty generalisation

A logical fallacy that occurs when a conclusion is drawn from a small sample

Slipery slope

A logical fallacy that asserts a small first step leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant effect.

Begging the question

A logical fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of an argument is assumed, leading to circular reasoning.

Conformation bias

straw man

A logical fallacy that occurs when an argument is misrepresented to make it easier to attack or refute.

appeal to authority (“ad auctoritatum”)

A logical fallacy that occurs when an argument is deemed true based on the authority of the person asserting it, rather than on reliable evidence. ( I.e: “This is right because ‘ ‘ said so)

personal attack (“ad hominem”)

When the ARGUEMENT attacks the person rather than addressing the ARGUEMENT itself

“et tu, quoque” (“and you, too”)

AND YOU TOO

sunk cost fallacy

When someones says that they should keep going because of the progress they have made

enthymeme

An argument in which one of the premises (or the conclusion) is unexpressed.

loaded language

This is language that sets up a bias in the listener. It relies on emotional meaning rather than descriptive meaning. Although not technically a fallacy, loaded language nevertheless emotionally persuades rather than logically even though it is used in an otherwise logical argument.