PSYC 2000 ch. 4

consciousness

awareness of mental processes and everything going on around them

internal stimuli

pain, hunger, thirst, being aware of thoughts and emotions

external stimuli

sight, temperature, hearing

wakefulness

high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior (alert)

sleep

low levels of physical activity, reduced sensory awareness

altered states of consciousness

shift in quality or pattern of mental activity as compares to wakefulness (daydreaming, intoxication, anesthesia, meditation)

biological rhythm

internal cycle of biological activity

circadian rhythm

biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24, sleep-wake cycle

sleep-wake cycle

linked to environments light-dark cycle, main circadian rhythms

hypothalamus

homeostasis center

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

brains clock mechanism

pineal gland

releases melatonin and maintains biological rhythms

melatonin

hormone, regulates sleep-wake cycle (darkness=sleepy, light=wakeful)

sleep regulation

brains control of switching sleep and wakefulness and coordinating with outside world, can be disrupted

sleep debt/insufficiency

not enough sleep on chronic basis

sleep rebound

fall asleep faster during subsequent opportunities for sleep (sleep debt/deprivation

sleep needed

7-9 hours, quality matters

adaptive theory (evolutionary)

WHEN we sleep, sleep essential to restore resources, avoid predators in darkness

restorative theory (cognitive)

WHY we sleep, physical health restoration, mental health functioning

rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep

stage of sleep when eyes move rapidly, brainwaves appear similar to wakefulness, dreaming

non-REM (NREM) sleep

all other stages of sleep, distinguished by brainwave activity

brainwave activity

measured by EEG, changes across different stages of sleep

NREM stage 1

transitional phase between wakefulness and sleep, light sleep (alpha waves)

NREM stage 2

deep relaxation, theta waves

sleep spindles

rapid burst of high frequency brainwaves, learning and memory

sleep spindles

rapid burst of high frequency brainwaves, learning and memory

NREM stage 3

slow-wave sleep, delta waves. learning and memory

NREM stage 3

slow-wave sleep, delta waves. learning and memory

stages of sleep per night

4-6, 90-110 minutes each

wish fulfillment theory (freud)

dreams preserve our sanity by allowing forddiden or unrealistic wishes, manifest content, latent content

manifest content

dream content

latent content

dreams true meaning

information processing theory (rosalind cartwright)

dreams reflect daily life events that are important to us, help shift through experiences, thoughts, and regulate emotions

activation synthesis hypothesis (alan hobson)

dreams are result of brains imposing narrative explanations to explain random brain activation, synthesize, activation

synthesize

make sense of

activation

neural activity during REM

insomnia

sleep disorder, difficulty falling or staying asleep

sleep apnea

sleep disorder, multiple bursts of not breathing

narcolepsy

sleep disorder, sudden slip into REM sleep

night terrors

sleep disorder, extreme the fear, panic, and screaming

REM behavior disorder

sleep disorder, mechanism that blocks movement of voluntary muscles fails (kicking, punching, yelling)

sleepwalking (somnambulism)

sleep disorder, eyes open but still, asleep, NREM stage 3 (slow- wave)

substance use disorder

compulsive pattern of drug use despise negative consequences (DSM-5), physiological and psychological dependence

physiological dependence

changes in normal bodily functions and withdrawal

psychological dependence

emotional need for drug

tolerance

requires more and more of drug to achieve previous effects at lower doses

withdrawal

adverse symptoms when drug use discontinued

stimulants

i’m tease levels of neural activity, dopamine agonists (caffeine, nicotine, xoxaine, amohetamines, MDMA, cathinones)

most commonly used drug in the world

caffeine

depressants

suppress central nervous system activity (alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines)

opioids

analgesics (decrease pain), highly addictive (heroin, morphine, methadone, codeine)

hallucinogens

changes in sensory and perceptual experiences, hallucinations (mescaline, LSD, PCP, ketamine, cannabis)

hypnosis

extreme focus on self, involves suggested changes of behavior and experience

dissociation theory

theory of hypothesis, divided consciousness (not remembering driving)

social-cognitive theory

hypnosis theory, playing expected role in situation

meditation

state of relaxed awareness and focus, roots in religion