Module 2: Endocrine system: Hormones, Targets, and Regulation

What type of signaling uses the bloodstream for long-distance communication?

Endocrine signaling

What type of signaling targets nearby cells?

Paracrine signaling

What type of signaling targets the same cell that released the ligand?

Autocrine signaling

What signaling occurs across a synapse?

Synaptic signaling

What signaling involves neurons releasing hormones into blood?

Neuroendocrine signaling

Are steroid hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Hydrophobic

What receptor type do hydrophilic hormones bind to?

External membrane receptors

What receptor type do steroid hormones bind to?

Intracellular receptors

Which hormone uses cAMP second messenger pathways?

Epinephrine

Which gland produces T3 and T4?

Thyroid gland

Which hormone lowers blood calcium?

Calcitonin

Which hormone raises blood calcium?

PTH

Which gland produces melatonin?

Pineal gland

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in kidneys?

ADH

Which hormone causes uterine contractions and milk let-down?

Oxytocin

What are the two regions of the pituitary gland?

Anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

Which pituitary is an extension of the hypothalamus?

Posterior pituitary

What does TSH target?

Thyroid gland

What does ACTH stimulate?

Cortisol release from adrenal gland

What type of feedback decreases the original stimulus?

Negative feedback

What type of feedback amplifies the original stimulus?

Positive feedback

Give an example of positive feedback.

Oxytocin during breastfeeding

What causes Grave’s Disease?

Antibodies mimic TSH and overstimulate thyroid

Hyperthyroidism means thyroid hormone levels are...?

High

Hypothyroidism means thyroid hormone levels are...?

Low